The Journal of General Physiology, Vol 108, 435-454, Copyright © 1996 by The Rockefeller University Press

ARTICLES

Cross-signaling between L-type Ca2+ channels and ryanodine receptors in rat ventricular myocytes

S Adachi-Akahane, L Cleemann and M Morad
Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA.

Calcium-mediated cross-signaling between the dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor, ryanodine receptor, and Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger was examined in single rat ventricular myocytes where the diffusion distance of Ca2+ was limited to < 50 nm by dialysis with high concentrations of Ca2+ buffers. Dialysis of the cell with 2 mM Ca(2+)- indicator dye, Fura-2, or 2 mM Fura-2 plus 14 mM EGTA decreased the magnitude of ICa-triggered intracellular Ca2+ transients (Cai-transients) from 500 to 20-100 nM and completely abolished contraction, even though the amount of Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum remained constant (approximately 140 microM). Inactivation kinetics of ICa in highly Ca(2+)-buffered cells was retarded when Ca2+ stores of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) were depleted by caffeine applied 500 ms before activation of ICa, while inactivation was accelerated if caffeine- induced release coincided with the activation of ICa. Quantitative analysis of these data indicate that the rate of inactivation of ICa was linearly related to SR Ca(2+)-release and reduced by > 67% when release was absent. Thapsigargin, abolishing SR release, suppressed the effect of caffeine on the inactivation kinetics of ICa. Caffeine- triggered Ca(2+)-release, in the absence of Ca2+ entry through the Ca2+ channel (using Ba2+ as a charge carrier), caused rapid inactivation of the slowly decaying Ba2+ current. Since Ba2+ does not release Ca2+ but binds to Fura-2, it was possible to calibrate the fluorescence signals in terms of equivalent cation charge. Using this procedure, the amplification factor of ICa-induced Ca2+ release was found to be 17.6 +/- 1.1 (n = 4). The Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange current, activated by caffeine- induced Ca2+ release, was measured consistently in myocytes dialyzed with 0.2 but not with 2 mM Fura-2. Our results quantify Ca2+ signaling in cardiomyocytes and suggest the existence of a Ca2+ microdomain which includes the DHP/ ryanodine receptors complex, but excludes the Na(+)- Ca2+ exchanger. This microdomain appears to be fairly inaccessible to high concentrations of Ca2+ buffers.
CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Facebook    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				E. Janowski, R. Day, A. Kraev, J. C. Roder, L. Cleemann, and M. Morad {beta}-Adrenergic regulation of a novel isoform of NCX: sequence and expression of shark heart NCX in human kidney cells Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2009; 296(6): H1994 - H2006. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Chopra, T. Yang, P. Asghari, E. D. Moore, S. Huke, B. Akin, R. A. Cattolica, C. F. Perez, T. Hlaing, B. E. C. Knollmann-Ritschel, et al. Ablation of triadin causes loss of cardiac Ca2+ release units, impaired excitation-contraction coupling, and cardiac arrhythmias PNAS, May 5, 2009; 106(18): 7636 - 7641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A. Eisner, K. M. Dibb, and A. W. Trafford The mechanism and significance of the slow changes of ventricular action potential duration following a change of heart rate Exp Physiol, May 1, 2009; 94(5): 520 - 528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Lee, J.-C. Kim, Y. Li, M.-J. Son, and S.-H. Woo Fluid pressure modulates L-type Ca2+ channel via enhancement of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release in rat ventricular myocytes Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, April 1, 2008; 294(4): C966 - C976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Bito, F. R. Heinzel, L. Biesmans, G. Antoons, and K. R. Sipido Crosstalk between L-type Ca2+ channels and the sarcoplasmic reticulum: alterations during cardiac remodelling Cardiovasc Res, January 15, 2008; 77(2): 315 - 324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Sasse, J. Zhang, L. Cleemann, M. Morad, J. Hescheler, and B. K. Fleischmann Intracellular Ca2+ Oscillations, a Potential Pacemaking Mechanism in Early Embryonic Heart Cells J. Gen. Physiol., July 30, 2007; 130(2): 133 - 144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Antoons, P. G. A. Volders, T. Stankovicova, V. Bito, M. Stengl, M. A. Vos, and K. R. Sipido Window Ca2+ current and its modulation by Ca2+ release in hypertrophied cardiac myocytes from dogs with chronic atrioventricular block J. Physiol., February 15, 2007; 579(1): 147 - 160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.-H. Woo, L. Cleemann, and M. Morad Diversity of atrial local Ca2+ signalling: evidence from 2-D confocal imaging in Ca2+-buffered rat atrial myocytes J. Physiol., September 15, 2005; 567(3): 905 - 921. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Reuter, C. Pott, J. I. Goldhaber, S. A. Henderson, K. D. Philipson, and R. H.G. Schwinger Na+-Ca2+exchange in the regulation of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2005; 67(2): 198 - 207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. H. Fukumoto, S. T. Lamp, C. Motter, J. H.B. Bridge, A. Garfinkel, and J. I. Goldhaber Metabolic Inhibition Alters Subcellular Calcium Release Patterns in Rat Ventricular Myocytes: Implications for Defective Excitation-Contraction Coupling During Cardiac Ischemia and Failure Circ. Res., March 18, 2005; 96(5): 551 - 557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Y. Jin, J. F. Wen, D. Li, and K. W. Cho Osmoregulation of atrial myocytic ANP release: osmotransduction via cross-talk between L-type Ca2+ channel and SR Ca2+ release Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2004; 287(5): R1101 - R1109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Ballard-Croft, D. Carlson, D. L. Maass, and J. W. Horton Burn trauma alters calcium transporter protein expression in the heart J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2004; 97(4): 1470 - 1476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. C. De Mello and J. Monterrubio Intracellular and Extracellular Angiotensin II Enhance the L-Type Calcium Current in the Failing Heart Hypertension, September 1, 2004; 44(3): 360 - 364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Brette, L. Salle, and C. H. Orchard Differential Modulation of L-type Ca2+ Current by SR Ca2+ Release at the T-Tubules and Surface Membrane of Rat Ventricular Myocytes Circ. Res., July 9, 2004; 95(1): e1 - e7. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Isaev, K. Solt, O. Gurtovaya, J. P. Reeves, and R. Shirokov Modulation of the Voltage Sensor of L-type Ca2+ Channels by Intracellular Ca2+ J. Gen. Physiol., April 26, 2004; 123(5): 555 - 571. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Reuter, T. Han, C. Motter, K. D. Philipson, and J. I. Goldhaber Mice overexpressing the cardiac sodium-calcium exchanger: defects in excitation-contraction coupling J. Physiol., February 1, 2004; 554(3): 779 - 789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Zahradnikova, Z. Kubalova, J. Pavelkova, S. Gyorke, and I. Zahradnik Activation of calcium release assessed by calcium release-induced inactivation of calcium current in rat cardiac myocytes Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, February 1, 2004; 286(2): C330 - C341. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				I. Findlay Physiological modulation of inactivation in L-type Ca2+ channels: one switch J. Physiol., January 15, 2004; 554(2): 275 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Brette, J.-Y. Le Guennec, and I. Findlay Low-voltage triggering of Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle cells Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, December 1, 2003; 285(6): C1544 - C1552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. I. Spencer and J. S. K. Sham Effects of Na+/Ca2+ exchange induced by SR Ca2+ release on action potentials and afterdepolarizations in guinea pig ventricular myocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2003; 285(6): H2552 - H2562. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Takamatsu, T. Nagao, H. Ichijo, and S. Adachi-Akahane L-type Ca2+ channels serve as a sensor of the SR Ca2+ for tuning the efficacy of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release in rat ventricular myocytes J. Physiol., October 15, 2003; 552(2): 415 - 424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.-H. Woo, N. M Soldatov, and M. Morad Modulation of Ca2+ signalling in rat atrial myocytes: possible role of the {alpha}1C carboxyl terminal J. Physiol., October 15, 2003; 552(2): 437 - 447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Yamaguchi, B. S. Zhorov, K. Yoshioka, T. Nagao, H. Ichijo, and S. Adachi-Akahane Key Roles of Phe1112 and Ser1115 in the Pore-Forming IIIS5-S6 Linker of L-Type Ca2+ Channel {alpha}1C Subunit (CaV 1.2) in Binding of Dihydropyridines and Action of Ca2+ Channel Agonists Mol. Pharmacol., August 1, 2003; 64(2): 235 - 248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Dzhura, Y. Wu, R. Zhang, R. J Colbran, S. L Hamilton, and M. E Anderson C Terminus L-type Ca2+ Channel Calmodulin-Binding Domains are 'Auto-Agonist' Ligands in Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes J. Physiol., August 1, 2003; 550(3): 731 - 738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. A. Armoundas, I. A. Hobai, G. F. Tomaselli, R. L. Winslow, and B. O'Rourke Role of Sodium-Calcium Exchanger in Modulating the Action Potential of Ventricular Myocytes From Normal and Failing Hearts Circ. Res., July 11, 2003; 93(1): 46 - 53. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Fauconnier, S. Bedut, J.-Y. Le Guennec, D. Babuty, and S. Richard Ca2+ current-mediated regulation of action potential by pacing rate in rat ventricular myocytes Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2003; 57(3): 670 - 680. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.-H. Woo, L. Cleemann, and M. Morad Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Junctional and Nonjunctional Focal Ca2+ Release in Rat Atrial Myocytes Circ. Res., January 10, 2003; 92 (1): e1 - e11. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Findlay {beta}-Adrenergic and muscarinic agonists modulate inactivation of L-type ca2+ channel currents in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes J. Physiol., December 1, 2002; 545(2): 375 - 388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Findlay Voltage-dependent inactivation of L-type Ca2+ currents in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes J. Physiol., December 1, 2002; 545(2): 389 - 397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Kurata, I. Hisatome, S. Imanishi, and T. Shibamoto Dynamical description of sinoatrial node pacemaking: improved mathematical model for primary pacemaker cell Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2002; 283(5): H2074 - H2101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.-H. Woo, L. Cleemann, and M. Morad Ca2+ current-gated focal and local ca2+ release in rat atrial myocytes: evidence from rapid 2-d confocal imaging J. Physiol., September 1, 2002; 543(2): 439 - 453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F.-L. Zhao, S.-G. Lu, and S. Herness Dual actions of caffeine on voltage-dependent currents and intracellular calcium in taste receptor cells Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2002; 283(1): R115 - R129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Findlay Voltage- and cation-dependent inactivation of L-type Ca2+ channel currents in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes J. Physiol., June 15, 2002; 541(3): 731 - 740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Findlay {beta}-Adrenergic stimulation modulates Ca2+- and voltage-dependent inactivation of L-type Ca2+ channel currents in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes J. Physiol., June 15, 2002; 541(3): 741 - 751. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L.-S. Song, A. Guia, J. N. Muth, M. Rubio, S.-Q. Wang, R.-P. Xiao, I. R. Josephson, E. G. Lakatta, A. Schwartz, and H. Cheng Ca2+ Signaling in Cardiac Myocytes Overexpressing the {alpha}1 Subunit of L-Type Ca2+ Channel Circ. Res., February 8, 2002; 90(2): 174 - 181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A Sanchez, M. C Garcia, V. K Sharma, K. C Young, M. A Matlib, and S.-S. Sheu Mitochondria regulate inactivation of L-type Ca2+ channels in rat heart J. Physiol., October 15, 2001; 536(2): 387 - 396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Wu, I. Dzhura, R. J Colbran, and M. E Anderson Calmodulin kinase and a calmodulin-binding 'IQ' domain facilitate L-type Ca2+ current in rabbit ventricular myocytes by a common mechanism J. Physiol., September 15, 2001; 535(3): 679 - 687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. M. Pabelick, G. C. Sieck, and Y. S. Prakash Signal Transduction in Smooth Muscle: Invited Review: Significance of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of calcium transients in smooth muscle J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2001; 91(1): 488 - 496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Wu, R. J. Colbran, and M. E. Anderson Calmodulin kinase is a molecular switch for cardiac excitation -contraction coupling PNAS, February 27, 2001; 98(5): 2877 - 2881. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. W. Trafford, M. E. Diaz, and D. A. Eisner Coordinated Control of Cell Ca2+ Loading and Triggered Release From the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Underlies the Rapid Inotropic Response to Increased L-Type Ca2+ Current Circ. Res., February 2, 2001; 88(2): 195 - 201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A. Eisner, H. S. Choi, M. E. Diaz, S. C. O'Neill, and A. W. Trafford Integrative Analysis of Calcium Cycling in Cardiac Muscle Circ. Res., December 8, 2000; 87(12): 1087 - 1094. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. E. Mangoni, P. Fontanaud, P. J. Noble, D. Noble, H. Benkemoun, J. Nargeot, and S. Richard Facilitation of the L-type calcium current in rabbit sino-atrial cells: effect on cardiac automaticity Cardiovasc Res, December 1, 2000; 48(3): 375 - 392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A. Eisner and A. W. Trafford No Role for the Ryanodine Receptor in Regulating Cardiac Contraction? Physiology, October 1, 2000; 15(5): 275 - 279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Janczewski, E. G. Lakatta, and M. D. Stern Voltage-independent changes in L-type Ca2+ current uncoupled from SR Ca2+ release in cardiac myocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2000; 279(4): H2024 - H2031. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Barrere-Lemaire, C. Piot, F. Leclercq, J. Nargeot, and S. Richard Facilitation of L-type calcium currents by diastolic depolarization in cardiac cells: impairment in heart failure Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2000; 47(2): 336 - 349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. R. Marks Cardiac Intracellular Calcium Release Channels : Role in Heart Failure Circ. Res., July 7, 2000; 87(1): 8 - 11. [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. Wang, L. Cleemann, L. R Jones, and M. Morad Modulation of focal and global Ca2+ release in calsequestrin-overexpressing mouse cardiomyocytes J. Physiol., April 15, 2000; 524(2): 399 - 414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. U. Ahmmed, P. H. Dong, G. Song, N. A. Ball, Y. Xu, R. A. Walsh, and N. Chiamvimonvat Changes in Ca2+ Cycling Proteins Underlie Cardiac Action Potential Prolongation in a Pressure-Overloaded Guinea Pig Model With Cardiac Hypertrophy and Failure Circ. Res., March 17, 2000; 86(5): 558 - 570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. H. Jaggar, V. A. Porter, W. J. Lederer, and M. T. Nelson Calcium sparks in smooth muscle Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, February 1, 2000; 278(2): C235 - C256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Boixel, S. Tessier, Y. Pansard, L. Lang-Lazdunski, J.-J. Mercadier, and S. N. Hatem Tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C regulate L-type Ca2+ current cooperatively in human atrial myocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2000; 278(2): H670 - H676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. I. Spencer, W. Uchida, L. Turner, and R. Z. Kozlowski Signature Currents: A Patch-Clamp Method for Determining the Selectivity of Ion-Channel Blockers in Isolated Cardiac Myocytes Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, January 1, 2000; 5(3): 193 - 201. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. I Goldhaber, S. T Lamp, D. O Walter, A. Garfinkel, G. H Fukumoto, and J. N Weiss Local regulation of the threshold for calcium sparks in rat ventricular myocytes: role of sodium-calcium exchange J. Physiol., October 15, 1999; 520(2): 431 - 438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Gera and L. Byerly Voltage- and Calcium-Dependent Inactivation of Calcium Channels in Lymnaea Neurons J. Gen. Physiol., October 1, 1999; 114(4): 535 - 550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Puglisi, W. Yuan, J. W. M. Bassani, and D. M. Bers Ca2+ Influx Through Ca2+ Channels in Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes During Action Potential Clamp : Influence of Temperature Circ. Res., September 17, 1999; 85 (6): e7 - e16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Krizaj, J.-X. Bao, Y. Schmitz, P. Witkovsky, and D. R. Copenhagen Caffeine-Sensitive Calcium Stores Regulate Synaptic Transmission from Retinal Rod Photoreceptors J. Neurosci., September 1, 1999; 19(17): 7249 - 7261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M Bers and E. Perez-Reyes Ca channels in cardiac myocytes: structure and function in Ca influx and intracellular Ca release Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 1999; 42(2): 339 - 360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Adachi-Akahane, L. Cleemann, and M. Morad BAY K 8644 modifies Ca2+ cross signaling between DHP and ryanodine receptors in rat ventricular myocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 1999; 276(4): H1178 - H1189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. S. K. Sham, L.-S. Song, Y. Chen, L.-H. Deng, M. D. Stern, E. G. Lakatta, and H. Cheng Termination of Ca2+ release by a local inactivation of ryanodine receptors in cardiac myocytes PNAS, December 8, 1998; 95(25): 15096 - 15101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Erdemli, Y. Z. Xu, and K. Krnjevic Potassium Conductance Causing Hyperpolarization of CA1 Hippocampal Neurons During Hypoxia J Neurophysiol, November 1, 1998; 80(5): 2378 - 2390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L.-S. Song, J. S K Sham, M. D Stern, E. G Lakatta, and H. Cheng Direct measurement of SR release flux by tracking 'Ca2+ spikes' in rat cardiac myocytes J. Physiol., November 1, 1998; 512(3): 677 - 691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Cleemann, W. Wang, and M. Morad Two-dimensional confocal images of organization, density, and gating of focal Ca2+ release sites in rat cardiac myocytes PNAS, September 1, 1998; 95(18): 10984 - 10989. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Cens, S. Restituito, A. Vallentin, and P. Charnet Promotion and Inhibition of L-type Ca2+ Channel Facilitation by Distinct Domains of the beta  Subunit J. Biol. Chem., July 17, 1998; 273(29): 18308 - 18315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D.A Eisner, A.W Trafford, M.E Dnaz, C.L Overend, and S.C O'Neill The control of Ca release from the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum: regulation versus autoregulation Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 1998; 38(3): 589 - 604. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Tanaka, T. Sekine, T. Kawanishi, R. Nakamura, and K. Shigenobu Intrasarcomere [Ca2+] gradients and their spatio-temporal relation to Ca2+ sparks in rat cardiomyocytes J. Physiol., April 1, 1998; 508(1): 145 - 152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C L Overend, S C O'Neill, and D A Eisner The effect of tetracaine on stimulated contractions, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content and membrane current in isolated rat ventricular myocytes J. Physiol., March 15, 1998; 507(3): 759 - 769. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G.A. Langer and A. Peskoff Role of the Diadic Cleft in Myocardial Contractile Control Circulation, November 18, 1997; 96(10): 3761 - 3765. [Full Text]

				H. Sako, S. A. Green, E. G. Kranias, and A. Yatani Modulation of cardiac Ca2+ channels by isoproterenol studied in transgenic mice with altered SR Ca2+ content Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, November 1, 1997; 273(5): C1666 - C1672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. W. Trafford, M. E. Diaz, N. Negretti, and D. A. Eisner Enhanced Ca2+ Current and Decreased Ca2+ Efflux Restore Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Content After Depletion Circ. Res., October 19, 1997; 81(4): 477 - 484. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. Adachi-Akahane, L. Lu, Z. Li, J.S. Frank, K. D. Philipson, and M. Morad Calcium Signaling in Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Cardiac Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger J. Gen. Physiol., June 1, 1997; 109(6): 717 - 729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Yamaguchi, Y. Okamura, T. Nagao, and S. Adachi-Akahane Serine Residue in the IIIS5-S6 Linker of the L-type Ca2+ Channel alpha 1C Subunit Is the Critical Determinant of the Action of Dihydropyridine Ca2+ Channel Agonists J. Biol. Chem., December 22, 2000; 275(52): 41504 - 41511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L.-S. Song, A. Guia, J. N. Muth, M. Rubio, S.-Q. Wang, R.-P. Xiao, I. R. Josephson, E. G. Lakatta, A. Schwartz, and H. Cheng Ca2+ Signaling in Cardiac Myocytes Overexpressing the {alpha}1 Subunit of L-Type Ca2+ Channel Circ. Res., February 8, 2002; 90(2): 174 - 181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Boixel, W. Gonzalez, L. Louedec, and S. N. Hatem Mechanisms of L-Type Ca2+ Current Downregulation in Rat Atrial Myocytes During Heart Failure Circ. Res., September 28, 2001; 89(7): 607 - 613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home | Help | Feedback | Subscriptions | Archive | Search | Table of Contents