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Original Article

^a Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4010
Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 24 Peachtree Central Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30303-4010.404-651-2509

cjiang{at}gsu.edu

CO₂ chemoreception may be related to modulation of inward rectifier K⁺ channels (Kir channels) in brainstem neurons. Kir4.1 is expressed predominantly in the brainstem and inhibited during hypercapnia. Although the homomeric Kir4.1 only responds to severe intracellular acidification, coexpression of Kir4.1 with Kir5.1 greatly enhances channel sensitivities to CO₂ and pH. To understand the biophysical and molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of these currents by CO₂ and pH, heteromeric Kir4.1–Kir5.1 were studied in inside-out patches. These Kir4.1–Kir5.1 currents showed a single channel conductance of 59 pS with open-state probability (P_open) 0.4 at pH 7.4. Channel activity reached the maximum at pH 8.5 and was completely suppressed at pH 6.5 with pKa 7.45. The effect of low pH on these currents was due to selective suppression of P_open without evident effects on single channel conductance, leading to a decrease in the channel mean open time and an increase in the mean closed time. At pH 8.5, single-channel currents showed two sublevels of conductance at 1/4 and 3/4 of the maximal openings. None of them was affected by lowering pH. The Kir4.1–Kir5.1 currents were modulated by phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP₂) that enhanced baseline P_open and reduced channel sensitivity to intracellular protons. In the presence of 10 µM PIP₂, the Kir4.1–Kir5.1 showed a pKa value of 7.22. The effect of PIP₂, however, was not seen in homomeric Kir4.1 currents. The CO₂/pH sensitivities were related to a lysine residue in the NH₂ terminus of Kir4.1. Mutation of this residue (K67M, K67Q) completely eliminated the CO₂ sensitivity of both homomeric Kir4.1 and heteromeric Kir4.1–Kir5.1. In excised patches, interestingly, the Kir4.1–Kir5.1 carrying K67M mutation remained sensitive to low pH_i. Such pH sensitivity, however, disappeared in the presence of PIP₂. The effect of PIP₂ on shifting the titration curve of wild-type and mutant channels was totally abolished when Arg178 in Kir5.1 was mutated. Thus, these studies demonstrate a heteromeric Kir channel that can be modulated by both acidic and alkaline pH, show the modulation of pH sensitivity of Kir channels by PIP₂, and provide information of the biophysical and molecular mechanisms underlying the Kir modulation by intracellular protons.

Key Words: CO₂ chemoreception • pH • phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate • excised patch • brainstem

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