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¹ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science
² Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Science and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience
³ Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel

Address correspondence to Zvi Priel, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. Fax: (972)-8-6900046; email: alon{at}bgumail.bgu.ac.il

The phosphorylation profile of ciliary proteins under basal conditions and after stimulation by extracellular ATP was investigated in intact tissue and in isolated cilia from porcine airway epithelium using anti-phosphoserine and anti-phosphothreonine specific antibodies. In intact tissue, several polypeptides were serine phosphorylated in the absence of any treatment (control conditions). After stimulation by extracellular ATP, changes in the phosphorylation pattern were detected on seven ciliary polypeptides. Serine phosphorylation was enhanced for three polypeptides (27, 37, and 44 kD), while serine phosphorylation was reduced for four polypeptides (35, 69, 100, and 130 kD). Raising intracellular Ca²⁺ with ionomycin induced identical changes in the protein phosphorylation profile. Inhibition of the NO pathway by inhibiting either NO syntase (NOS), guanylyl cyclase (GC), or cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) abolished the changes in phosphorylation induced by ATP. The presence of PKG within the axoneme was demonstrated using a specific antibody. In addition, in isolated permeabilized cilia, submicromolar concentrations of cGMP induced protein phosphorylation. Taken together, these results suggest that the axoneme is an integral part of the intracellular NO pathway. The surprising observation that ciliary activation is accompanied by sustained dephosphorylation of ciliary proteins via NO pathway was not detected in isolated cilia, suggesting that the protein phosphatases were either lost or deactivated during the isolation procedure. This work reveals that any pharmacological manipulation that abolished phosphorylation and dephosphorylation also abolished the enhancement of ciliary beating. Thus, part or all of the phosphorylated polypeptides are likely directly involved in axonemal regulation of ciliary beating.

Key Words: axoneme • airway epithelium • extracellular ATP • cGMP • phosphatases

Abbreviations used in this paper: CBF, ciliary beat frequency; E-64, N-(trans-epoxysuccinyl)-L-leucine-4-guanidinobutylamine; GC, guanylyl cyclase; L-NAME, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; LY-83583, 6-anilinoquinoline-5,8-quinone; NOS, NO syntase.

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