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Subunit Decreases the Rate of Agonist Dissociation
Muscle Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; and Department of Biophysical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
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ABSTRACT |
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subunit that causes a slow channel congenital myasthenic syndrome (SCCMS). We previously showed that receptors containing N217K expressed in 293 HEK cells open in prolonged activation episodes strikingly similar to those observed at the SCCMS end plates. Here we use single channel kinetic analysis to show that the prolonged activation episodes result primarily from slowing of the rate of acetylcholine (ACh) dissociation from the binding site. Rate constants for channel opening and closing are also slowed but to much smaller extents. The rate constants derived from kinetic analysis also describe the concentration dependence of receptor activation, revealing a 20-fold shift in the EC50 to lower agonist concentrations for N217K. The apparent affinity of ACh binding, measured by competition against the rate of 125I--bungarotoxin binding, is also enhanced 20-fold by N217K. Both the slowing of ACh dissociation and enhanced apparent affinity are specific to the lysine substitution, as the glutamine and glutamate substitutions have no effect. Substituting lysine for the equivalent asparagine in the β, 
, or 
subunits does not affect the kinetics of receptor activation or apparent agonist affinity. The results show that a mutation in the amino-terminal portion of the M1 domain produces a localized perturbation that stabilizes agonist bound to the resting state of the AChR.
Key Words: single channel kinetics • acetylcholine binding site
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introduction |
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TopABSTRACTintroductionmethodsresultsdiscussionreferences |
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2β
in fetal or 2β in adult muscle (Mishina et al., 1986
). Each subunit contains an amino-terminal extracellular domain of approximately 210 residues followed by four candidate transmembrane domains (M1-M4). The five subunits are packed pseudosymmetrically to form a cylindrical structure containing two acetylcholine binding sites coupled to a central ion channel. The binding sites are thought to lie approximately 30 Å above the plane of the membrane (Unwin, 1993; Valenzuela et al. 1994), formed by extracellular domain portions of , , or subunit pairs (Blount and Merlie, 1989, 1991; Sine, 1993), whereas the transmembrane domains are thought to be encompassed within the membrane where the M2 domain forms the cation-selective channel (Unwin, 1993, 1995). The essential function of the AChR is to transduce a local perturbation caused by binding of agonist into movement of the remote M2 domains that opens the channel.
To understand the essential function of the AChR, investigators have worked to establish structure-function relationships for the various structural domains. Thus it is clear that agonist binds to two sites in the extracellular domain, that the M2 domains from each subunit form the ion permeation pathway, and that binding triggers twisting of the M2 domains from the center to the perimeter of the channel to cause opening (Unwin, 1995). On the other hand, the contribution of the M1 domain is not as well understood as that of the M2 domain. In particular, the secondary structure of M1, its disposition relative to the membrane or the binding sites, and its contribution to AChR function are not established. M1 is unique among transmembrane domains in that it is poised in the linear sequence between binding site residues in the extracellular domain and the M2 channel lining. It is readily identified as a 26 residue hydrophobic segment flanked by the palindromic sequences PLYF . . . FYLP (Table I). Whether M1 is a β sheet or an helix is not known, but in either configuration its length is more than adequate to span the membrane. The presence of a conserved proline (P221) in the middle of M1 suggests a discontinuous structure (Suchnya et al., 1993), perhaps dividing it into two types of structural and functional domains. Labeling studies with a hydrophobic reagent revealed accessible residues in the middle of M1 (C222, L223, F227, and L228), perhaps accessible through the lipid bilayer (Blanton and Cohen, 1994), whereas these same residues (C222 and L223) mutated to cysteine are not labeled by hydrophilic sulfhydryl reagents. On the other hand, several residues in the amino-terminal third of M1 (between P211 and P221) are accessible to hydrophilic sulfhydryl reagents when mutated to cysteine, and the pattern of accessibility suggests an unordered structure of this segment (Akabas and Karlin, 1995). Thus, approximately the carboxyl-terminal two-thirds of M1 may be folded in the membrane while the amino-terminal third may extend above it.
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; Sine et al., 1995; Ohno et al., 1996). We recently described a mutation in the synaptic third of the M1 domain of the subunit (N217K) that causes a CMS (Engel et al., 1996). N217 is conserved across all species and subtypes of subunits and is present in the equivalent position in the β, , and subunits (Table I). When expressed in 293 HEK cells, receptors containing N217K activate in prolonged episodes strikingly similar to those observed at the CMS end plates. Here we use single channel recording to examine the kinetics of activation of AChRs containing N217K. We show that the prolonged activation episodes are due primarily to slowing of the rate of ACh dissociation from the binding site. The results reconfirm the importance of agonist binding affinity in governing the duration of the synaptic response and show that the M1 domain contributes to binding site affinity. |
methods |
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TopABSTRACTintroductionmethodsresultsdiscussionreferences |
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, β, and subunits; referenced in Sine, 1993), and Paul Gardner ( subunit, Gardner, 1990) and were subcloned into the CMV-based expression vector pRBG4 (Lee et al. 1991) for expression in 293 HEK cells. Mutations were constructed either by bridging restriction sites with synthetic double-stranded oligonucleotides or by overlap PCR. For the N217K, N217Q, and N217E mutations a 31-bp oligonucleotide bridged from a HincII to a SapI site. For βN217K, a 43-bp oligonucleotide bridged from a HincII to a BbsI site. For N217K, a 130-bp fragment harboring the mutation was constructed by overlap PCR and ligated between MspI and NheI sites. For N217K, a 230-bp fragment harboring the mutation was constructed by overlap PCR and ligated between Bst1107I and KpnI sites. The presence of each mutation and the absence of unwanted mutations was confirmed by dideoxy sequencing. Human embryonic kidney fibroblast cells (293 HEK) were transfected with mutant or wild-type AChR subunit cDNAs using calcium phosphate precipitation as described (Bouzat et al., 1994).
Patch-clamp Recordings from AChRs Expressed in HEK Cells
Recordings were obtained in the cell-attached configuration (Hamill et al., 1981) at a membrane potential of –70 mV and a temperature of 22°C (Bouzat et al., 1994). Bath and pipette solutions contained (mM): KCl 142, NaCl 5.4, CaCl2 1.8, MgCl2 1.7, HEPES 10, pH 7.4. Single channel currents were recorded using an Axopatch 200A at a bandwidth of 50 kHz, digitized with a PCM adapter at 94 kHz (VR-10B; Instrutech Corp., Great Neck, NY), transferred to a Macintosh computer using the program Acquire (Instrutech Corp.), and detected by the half-amplitude threshold criterion using the program MacTac (Instrutech Corp.) at a final bandwidth of 9 kHz. Data acquisition typically commenced within 1 min of seal formation. Open and closed duration histograms were constructed using a logarithmic abscissa and square root ordinate (Sigworth and Sine, 1987). For analysis of currents recorded at limiting low ACh concentrations, the histograms were fitted by the sum of exponentials by maximum likelihood. The resulting time constants and relative areas were used to calculate the rate constants 2, β2, and k–2 in SCHEME SI (see RESULTS).
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o) and open probability (Popen) of each cluster and plotting their distributions for visual inspection (Sine and Steinbach, 1987; Auerbach and Lingle, 1987). Typically the distributions contained a dominant, approximately Gaussian component, as well as minor contributions of clusters with very different properties. Clusters of events belonging to the dominant component were systematically selected for further analysis by accepting clusters with o and Popen within two standard deviations of the mean of the major component. The selection process typically retained >90% of the original clusters for further analysis.
The resulting open and closed intervals, from single patches at several ACh concentrations, were transferred to an IBM RS6000 computer, and analyzed according to either SCHEME SI or II using an interval-based maximum likelihood method that incorporated corrections for missed events (Qin et al., 1996). Briefly, the method computes the likelihood, or joint probability of obtaining the experimental series of open and closed dwell times given the kinetic scheme, and maximizes the likelihood by optimizing parameters in the scheme (Ball and Sansom, 1989). The likelihood was maximized using a forward-backward recursive procedure to calculate the likelihood function and its derivatives with respect to model parameters (Qin et al., 1997) and an optimizer that combined calculation of the approximate inverse Hessian matrix of second derivatives of the likelihood function and an exact line search with adaptive step sizes (Fletcher, 1981). After fitting, standard errors of the rate constants were determined from the curvature of the likelihood function at its maximum; these were obtained as the diagonal elements of the approximate inverse Hessian matrix generated by the optimizer. Standard errors calculated in this manner assume a quadratic form of the likelihood function near its maximum, and correspond to standard errors determined by the half-likelihood-interval method (Colquhoun and Sigworth, 1995).
Probability density functions of open and closed durations were calculated from the fitted rate constants and instrumentation dead time and superimposed on the experimental dwell time histograms as described by Qin et al. (1996). To check the final set of rate constants, open and closed intervals were simulated according to SCHEME SI, the fitted rate constants and dead time (Clay and DeFelice, 1983), binned into histograms and compared with the theoretical probability density functions.
For wild-type, N217Q , and N217E receptors, recordings included in the analysis were obtained at the following ACh concentrations (µM): 10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 200, and 300. For the N217K receptor, recordings for analysis were obtained at the following ACh concentrations (µM): 0.3, 1.0, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 100, and 300. For each ACh concentration, the number of kinetically homogeneous clusters ranged from 17 to 62, and the corresponding numbers of events ranged from 1,400 to 4,000.
ACh Binding Measurements
3 d after transfection, intact HEK cells were harvested by gentle agitation in PBS plus 5 mM EDTA. The esterase inhibitor diisopropylphosphofluoridate (1 µM) was added to the PBS/EDTA solution, and the cells were incubated for 15 min. Cells were briefly centrifuged, resuspended in high potassium Ringer's solution (140 mM KCl, 5.4 mM NaCl, 1.8 mM CaCl2, 1.7 mM MgCl2, 25 mM HEPES, 30 mg/liter BSA, adjusted to pH 7.4 with 10–11 mM NaOH), and divided into aliquots for measurements of ACh binding. Specified concentrations of ACh were added 30 min before addition of 125I-labeled -bungarotoxin (5 nM), which was allowed to bind for 30 min to occupy approximately half of the surface receptors. The binding reaction was stopped by adding potassium Ringer's solution containing 300 µM d-tubocurarine, followed by filtration using a cell harvester (Brandel Inc.). Radioactivity retained by the glass fiber filters (GF-B, 1 µm cutoff; Whatman Inc., Clifton, NJ) was measured with a gamma counter. The initial rate of 125I--bungarotoxin binding was determined to yield fractional occupancy of sites by ACh (Sine and Taylor, 1979). Competition measurements were analyzed according to the Hill equation.
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where Y is fractional occupancy by ACh and Kov is an overall dissociation constant.
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results |
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TopABSTRACTintroductionmethodsresultsdiscussionreferences |
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N217K AChR, we recorded single channel currents from 293 HEK cells transfected with either wild-type or mutant plus complementary β, , and subunit cDNAs. Currents were elicited by a range of desensitizing concentrations of ACh, as this allows identification of clusters of events due to a single AChR channel (Sakmann et al., 1980). For the N217K AChR, openings appear in readily recognizable clusters at concentrations as low as 0.3 µM ACh, whereas for the wild type AChR, clustering requires concentrations of at least 3 µM. The channel traces show that closed intervals within clusters become more brief with increasing ACh concentrations and that they are more brief at a given concentration for the N217K compared to the wild-type AChR (Fig. 1). Qualitatively, the briefer closed intervals observed with N217K indicate a change in the rate of one or more of the following steps governing reopening of the channel: agonist association, agonist dissociation, or opening of the doubly occupied channel.
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N217K, we analyzed the kinetics of channel opening and closing according to the following activation scheme:
where two agonists (A) bind to the receptor in the resting state (R) with association rates k+1 and k+2 and dissociate with rates k–1 and k–2. Receptors occupied by one agonist open with rate β1 and close with rate 1, while receptors occupied by two agonists open with rate β2 and close with rate 2. To account for channel block by high concentrations of ACh, we included the blocked state A2RB with the blocking and unblocking rate constants k+b and k–b. To estimate the set of rate constants, SCHEME SI was fit to the data by computing the likelihood of the experimental series of open and closed times given a set of trial rate constants and changing the rate constants to maximize the likelihood; the fitting analysis included dwell times obtained for the entire range of ACh concentrations. The advantage of fitting recordings obtained at multiple rather than single ACh concentrations is all the states in SCHEME SI are represented over a range of concentrations. In addition, for wild-type receptors, β2 was constrained to the value obtained from measurements at limiting low ACh concentrations described below. This constraint was necessary because the wild-type receptor opens very rapidly and is blocked at ACh concentrations similar to its intrinsic affinity (Table II), so closings due to gating and blocking become indistinguishable at high ACh concentrations. The simultaneous fit to all of the data, shown as smooth curves superimposed on the open and closed duration histograms, reasonably describes the kinetics of wild-type and N217K AChRs (Fig. 1).
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N217K (Table II). ACh dissociates from the wild-type receptor at a rate similar to the rate of channel opening, predicting approximately two openings per activation episode after brief exposure to agonist. By contrast, ACh dissociates from the N217K AChR 10- to 20-fold more slowly, allowing greater than ten openings per activation episode. The initial fitting analysis allowed dissociation rate constants for the two binding sites to be free parameters, but the fit was not significantly better than with the constraint of equal dissociation rate constants for the two sites. For both the constrained and unconstrained analyses, the two binding sites showed essentially equivalent dissociation rate constants for both N217K and wild-type receptors. Unequal dissociation rate constants have been described for Torpedo (Sine et al., 1990) and fetal mouse (Zhang et al., 1995) receptors; features of those data indicating nonequivalent dissociation rate constants were biexponential distributions of the major concentration-dependent closings at intermediate but not high ACh concentrations. In the present study, N217K and wild-type receptors show monoexponential distributions of the major concentration-dependent closings over the range of ACh concentrations examined (Fig. 1); Akk and Auerbach (1996) also observed equal dissociation rate constants for adult mouse receptors. The overall data suggest that differences in the agonist dissociation rate constants for the two sites depend on species and on whether the subunit pairs with the , , or subunit. We further examined equivalence of the dissociation rate constants by expanding SCHEME SI to allow independent binding of ACh to each site.
SCHEME SII predicts a fourth closed time component, which can be distinguished if the two binding sites are neither equivalent nor widely different in their ACh affinities. Fitting SCHEME SII to the data, however, revealed equivalent dissociation rate constants for each binding site (Table II).
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N217K (Table II) and are close to the diffusion limited values reported previously from single channel kinetic analysis of Torpedo and adult mouse AChRs (Sine et al., 1990; Akk and Auerbach, 1996). As observed for the agonist dissociation rate constants, association rate constants are equivalent at each binding site for both wild-type and N217K AChRs; allowing the association rate constants for the two sites to be free parameters gave no better fit than when they were constrained to be equal. Several features of the closed duration histograms indicate that N217K slows ACh dissociation without a change in association: the long duration component of closed times is roughly equally dependent on ACh concentration for both receptor types, but the mean of this component is always more brief at a given concentration for N217K than for wild type. Thus the overall effect of N217K on affinity of the resting state of the receptor is a 10-fold decrease in the dissociation constant for ACh binding.
The rate of opening of the doubly occupied AChR, β2, though very fast for both mutant and wild type, is slowed by 
50% by N217K (Table II). The reduced β2 leads to a longer mean duration of the doubly occupied closed receptor, approximately (β2 + k–2)–1, which is seen in the closed duration histograms as an increase in the time constant of the major component of brief closings (Fig. 1). For the wild-type receptor, β2 was determined from analysis of currents obtained at limiting low ACh concentrations, so the results of the global fit demonstrate its consistency across a range of concentrations. For the N217K receptor, the slower rate of ACh dissociation, combined with the slower rate of channel opening, allows β2 to be estimated even at high ACh concentrations. Although β2 is slowed by N217K, opening is still rapid enough to elicit multiple reopenings per activation episode, as the other pathway away from the doubly occupied closed state, agonist dissociation, is slowed even more.
The life time of the doubly occupied open channel is increased about twofold by N217K, owing to slowing of the closing rate 2 (Table II). A second class of briefer openings is detected at the lowest but not at the highest ACh concentrations, and is therefore ascribed to opening of singly occupied receptors. Owing to the predominance of the doubly occupied open channel during synaptic activity, the slower closing rate would double the duration of an activation episode, compounding the effect of the increase in the number of openings per episode.
To confirm the rate constant estimates and to illustrate the overall consequences of N217K, we determined the mean open probability within clusters at each concentration of ACh and compared it with the dose-response relationship calculated from the kinetically determined rate constants. The calculated dose-response curves superimpose upon the Popen measurements, supporting the rate constant estimates and revealing a 20-fold decrease in the EC50 for activation of the N217K AChR (Fig. 2).
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N217K217 slows the rate of agonist dissociation from the binding site. To gain insight into the structural basis of this effect, we made the glutamine and glutamate mutations at position 217 of the subunit. We again recorded single channel currents over a range of desensitizing concentrations of ACh and analyzed the kinetics using SCHEMES I and II. The analysis reveals virtually indistinguishable sets of activation rate constants for N217Q and wild-type receptors, showing that introducing a larger side chain alone is not responsible for the kinetic effect of N217K (Table II). Introducing the negatively charged glutamate with N217E also produces activation rate constants similar to those of wild type; the association rate constants are slowed with N217E, leading to somewhat lower agonist affinity of each binding site (Table II). The dose-response relationship calculated from the kinetic parameters reasonably describes the measured Popen values, confirming that N217Q and N217E cause little or no change in activation properties of the receptor (Fig. 2). Thus introducing a negatively charged or an enlarged side chain at position 217 of the subunit fails to slow the rate of agonist dissociation, suggesting that the structural basis of N217K is introduction of a positive charge.
N217 is conserved not only across subunits of all species, but also across the β, , and subunits (Table I). To determine whether the effect of the N217K mutation is specific to the subunit, and is therefore localized, we mutated the equivalent asparagine in the β, , and subunits. We recorded single channel currents elicited by 30 µM ACh and determined the mean open probability within clusters of openings. We chose a concentration of 30 µM because it is close to the EC50 for the wild-type receptor and therefore should be sensitive to changes in activation parameters (see Fig. 2). The measured open probabilities for receptors containing either βN217K, N217K, or N217K are within the range obtained for wild type, and are clearly lower than obtained for N217K (Fig. 3). Thus slowing of ACh dissociation by the N217K mutation is specific to the subunit, indicating a local rather than a global perturbation.
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2, β2, and k–2 from currents elicited by limiting low concentrations of ACh. Estimating these three rate constants relies on choosing a concentration of ACh low enough so reopening after agonist dissociation is very slow. Thus we used ACh at concentrations of 1 µM for wild type, N217Q , and N217E and 50 nM for N217K; these concentrations elicit threshold responses as shown by the dose-response measurements (Fig. 2). The traces obtained at low ACh concentrations show that wild-type, N217Q , and N217E receptors open one or two times per activation episode, whereas N217K receptors open many times per episode (Fig. 4). For all four receptor types, closed duration histograms are described as the sum of two exponentials, with a long duration component due to periods between activation episodes elicited by different channels and a brief component due to transient interruptions of episodes due to a single channel. The corresponding burst duration histograms are described as the sum of two exponentials, with the long duration component due to receptors with two bound agonists and the brief component to receptors with a single bound agonist. Qualitatively, the presence of N217K prolongs the activation episode by increasing the number of openings per burst.
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2. Estimates of 2 and k–2 obtained from these relationships are presented in Table III; they agree closely with the estimates obtained from the global kinetic analysis (Table II). The estimate of β2 obtained from low ACh concentrations was used as a fixed parameter in the global fitting analysis to constrain the range of parameters for receptors with low affinity and rapid rates of opening (Fig. 1 and Table II); this consistency across a wide range of ACh concentrations supports the accuracy of β2 for these receptors. For the N217K AChR, essentially identical estimates of β2 were obtained independently from the low concentration and global analyses. Thus the parameters estimated at low ACh concentrations confirm that N217K primarily slows the rate of agonist dissociation and that the kinetic effect is due to the positively charged lysine.
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N217K by measuring equilibrium binding of ACh by competition against the initial rate of 125I--bungarotoxin binding (Sine and Taylor, 1979). The wild-type AChR binds ACh with micromolar apparent affinity, whereas the N217K AChR binds 20-fold more tightly (Fig. 5 A). Receptors containing either N217Q or N217E bind with affinities similar to wild type, as observed for their gating kinetics, confirming that the effect of N217K is due to the presence of the positively charged lysine. Similarly, substitution of βN217K, N217K, or N217K for the corresponding wild-type subunit does not affect the apparent affinity for ACh, again confirming that the consequences of the N217K mutation are specific to the subunit (Fig. 5 B).
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). While the increased affinity of the resting state contributes to the increase in equilibrium binding affinity of the N217K receptor, changes in ACh affinity for the desensitized state or the allosteric constant governing the distribution of resting and desensitized states may also contribute. Our preliminary experiments indicate that N217K does not affect the affinity of the desensitized state for ACh. Assuming a wild-type value of 40 nM for the affinity of the desensitized state (Sine et al., 1995), we computed the allosteric constant for desensitization using our measured parameters for activation (Table II). The results indicate a marked increase in the allosteric constant for desensitization from a wild-type value of 4 x 10–4 to 0.5 for N217K. |
discussion |
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TopABSTRACTintroductionmethodsresultsdiscussionreferences |
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N217K causes a slow channel congenital myasthenic syndrome by prolonging the elementary activation episode elicited by ACh (Engel et al., 1996). Here we trace the kinetic defect to slowing of the rate of ACh dissociation from the binding site; prolonged occupancy by ACh allows the channel to open repeatedly before it can dissociate. Rate constants for channel opening and closing are also slowed but to much smaller extents. The kinetic fingerprint of N217K is strikingly similar to that of our previously described SCCMS mutation G153S, which is near residues in the extracellular domain that contribute to the binding site (Sine et al., 1995). The present results are surprising because N217K is in the M1 transmembrane domain, whereas its primary effect is at the binding site, some 30 Å above the plane of the membrane (Unwin, 1993; Valenzuela et al. 1994). The kinetic effect of N217K results from introduction of the positively charged lysine side chain and is not observed when lysine is introduced into the corresponding positions of the β, , or subunits. Thus slowing of agonist dissociation is not due to a global perturbation but rather to a local perturbation of the linkage between the M1 domain of the subunit and the binding site. The results have implications for structure-function relationships of AChR and for how agonist binding affinity affects the time course of the synaptic response.
Present understanding of the topology of the M1 domain points to an allosteric rather than a direct effect of N217K in slowing agonist dissociation. The available data indicate that approximately the carboxyl-terminal two-thirds of M1 may be folded in the membrane while the amino-terminal third may extend above it. Thus N217 appears to lie just outside the membrane, where it is accessible to hydrophilic sulfhydryl reagents when mutated to cysteine (Akabas and Karlin, 1995). Exposure of residue 217 to aqueous solution would render a lysine side chain at this position positively charged at physiological pH. N217 is also four residues amino-terminal to the conserved P221, which borders a stretch of four residues accessible to a hydrophobic labeling agent (Blanton and Cohen, 1994). If P221 is the most amino-terminal residue of M1 embedded in the membrane, the intervening four residues are not long enough to extend N217 30 Å to the binding site. Thus N217 likely comprises part of the inner wall of extracellular vestibule and contributes to the linkage between the channel gating apparatus and the binding site.
Our findings show that the perturbation caused by N217K propagates to the binding pocket to enhance the fit of ACh for the resting state of the receptor. Although it is clear that the binding site and channel gate are functionally coupled to produce rapid and efficient gating, the results presented here are the first to show spread of a perturbation in a transmembrane domain to the binding sites in the extracellular domain. The results suggest the presence of a structure that physically links the binding site and channel gating apparatus. Because the perturbation is due to the positively charged lysine side chain, in the wild-type receptor N217 may serve as a hydrogen bond acceptor for a positively charged donor.
The findings reconfirm the importance of ACh binding affinity in governing the time course of the synaptic response (Sine et al., 1995). Magleby and Stevens (1972) showed that the decay of the end plate current is governed by properties intrinsic to the post synaptic AChR. The time constant for decay approximately equals the mean channel open time multiplied by the number of openings per activation episode, or (1/2)(1 + β2/k–2). At the normal synapse, β2 is very fast to provide fast onset of the response, but k–2 is similarly fast to rapidly terminate the response ( Jackson, 1989). By contrast, synapses harboring the N217K receptor show a prolonged end plate current primarily because the number of openings per activation episode is increased due to slowing of k–2.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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Submitted: 30 December 1996
Accepted: 24 March 1997
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references |
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TopABSTRACTintroductionmethodsresultsdiscussionreferences |
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-subunit, Biochemistry, 1995, 34, 12496–12500.[Medline]-subunit of the mouse muscle nicotinic receptor, Nucleic Acids Res, 1990, 18, 6714, . subunit, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1995, 92, 758–762. subunit, Neuron, 1996, 17, 157–170.[Medline] subunit causes a slow-channel myasthenic syndrome by enhancing agonist binding affinity, Neuron, 1995, 15, 229–239.[Medline]
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D. Rayes, M. J. De Rosa, M. Bartos, and C. Bouzat Molecular Basis of the Differential Sensitivity of Nematode and Mammalian Muscle to the Anthelmintic Agent Levamisole J. Biol. Chem., August 27, 2004; 279(35): 36372 - 36381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Chakrapani, T. D. Bailey, and A. Auerbach Gating Dynamics of the Acetylcholine Receptor Extracellular Domain J. Gen. Physiol., March 29, 2004; 123(4): 341 - 356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Akk and J. H. Steinbach Activation and block of mouse muscle-type nicotinic receptors by tetraethylammonium J. Physiol., August 15, 2003; 551(1): 155 - 168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C J Hatton, C Shelley, M Brydson, D Beeson, and D Colquhoun Properties of the human muscle nicotinic receptor, and of the slow-channel myasthenic syndrome mutant {varepsilon}L221F, inferred from maximum likelihood fits J. Physiol., March 15, 2003; 547(3): 729 - 760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Akk Contributions of the non-{alpha} subunit residues (loop D) to agonist binding and channel gating in the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor J. Physiol., November 1, 2002; 544(3): 695 - 705. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. B. Hansen, Z. Radic', T. T. Talley, B. E. Molles, T. Deerinck, I. Tsigelny, and P. Taylor Tryptophan Fluorescence Reveals Conformational Changes in the Acetylcholine Binding Protein J. Biol. Chem., October 25, 2002; 277(44): 41299 - 41302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. M. Sine, X.-M. Shen, H.-L. Wang, K. Ohno, W.-Y. Lee, A. Tsujino, J. Brengmann, N. Bren, J. Vajsar, and A. G. Engel Naturally Occurring Mutations at the Acetylcholine Receptor Binding Site Independently Alter ACh Binding and Channel Gating J. Gen. Physiol., September 30, 2002; 120(4): 483 - 496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. De Rosa, D. Rayes, G. Spitzmaul, and C. Bouzat Nicotinic Receptor M3 Transmembrane Domain: Position 8' Contributes to Channel Gating Mol. Pharmacol., August 1, 2002; 62(2): 406 - 414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Croxen, C. Hatton, C. Shelley, M. Brydson, G. Chauplannaz, H. Oosterhuis, A. Vincent, J. Newsom-Davis, D. Colquhoun, and D. Beeson Recessive inheritance and variable penetrance of slow-channel congenital myasthenic syndromes Neurology, July 23, 2002; 59(2): 162 - 168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Grosman and A. Auerbach The dissociation of acetylcholine from open nicotinic receptor channels PNAS, November 20, 2001; 98(24): 14102 - 14107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Akk Aromatics at the murine nicotinic receptor agonist binding site: mutational analysis of the {alpha}Y93 and {alpha}W149 residues J. Physiol., September 15, 2001; 535(3): 729 - 740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. R. Haines, M. M. Voigt, K. Migita, G. E. Torres, and T. M. Egan On the Contribution of the First Transmembrane Domain to Whole-Cell Current through an ATP-Gated Ionotropic P2X Receptor J. Neurosci., August 15, 2001; 21(16): 5885 - 5892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Akk and J. H. Steinbach Structural elements near the C-terminus are responsible for changes in nicotinic receptor gating kinetics following patch excision J. Physiol., September 15, 2000; 527(3): 405 - 417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Grosman, F. N. Salamone, S. M. Sine, and A. Auerbach The Extracellular Linker of Muscle Acetylcholine Receptor Channels Is a Gating Control Element J. Gen. Physiol., September 1, 2000; 116(3): 327 - 340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Grosman and A. Auerbach Asymmetric and Independent Contribution of the Second Transmembrane Segment 12' Residues to Diliganded Gating of Acetylcholine Receptor Channels: A Single-Channel Study with Choline as the Agonist J. Gen. Physiol., May 1, 2000; 115(5): 637 - 651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Bouzat, F. Barrantes, and S. Sine Nicotinic Receptor Fourth Transmembrane Domain: Hydrogen Bonding by Conserved Threonine Contributes to Channel Gating Kinetics J. Gen. Physiol., May 1, 2000; 115(5): 663 - 672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Zhou, A. G. Engel, and A. Auerbach Serum choline activates mutant acetylcholine receptors that cause slow channel congenital myasthenic syndromes PNAS, August 31, 1999; 96(18): 10466 - 10471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Prince and S. M. Sine Acetylcholine and Epibatidine Binding to Muscle Acetylcholine Receptors Distinguish between Concerted and Uncoupled Models J. Biol. Chem., July 9, 1999; 274(28): 19623 - 19629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. N Salamone, M. Zhou, and A. Auerbach A re-examination of adult mouse nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel activation kinetics J. Physiol., April 15, 1999; 516(2): 315 - 330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. G. Engel, K. Ohno, and S. M. Sine Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes: Recent Advances Arch Neurol, February 1, 1999; 56(2): 163 - 167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. North NEW PERSPECTIVES IN PEDIATRIC NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS Hotel Intercontinental Sydney, Sydney, Australia, August 28, 1998 J Child Neurol, January 1, 1999; 14(1): 26 - 57. [PDF]
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A. Auerbach and G. Akk Desensitization of Mouse Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Channels: A Two-Gate Mechanism J. Gen. Physiol., August 1, 1998; 112(2): 181 - 197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. G. Engel, K. Ohno, H.-L. Wang, M. Milone, and S. M. Sine REVIEW {blacksquare} : Molecular Basis of Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes: Mutations in the Acetylcholine Receptor Neuroscientist, May 1, 1998; 4(3): 185 - 194. [Abstract] [PDF]
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R. J. Prince and S. M. Sine Epibatidine Binds with Unique Site and State Selectivity to Muscle Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors J. Biol. Chem., April 3, 1998; 273(14): 7843 - 7849. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Corbin, N. Methot, H. H. Wang, J. E. Baenziger, and M. P. Blanton Secondary Structure Analysis of Individual Transmembrane Segments of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor by Circular Dichroism and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy J. Biol. Chem., January 9, 1998; 273(2): 771 - 777. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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