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2) receptors containing mixtures of wild-type and mutant subunits expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Mutant subunits had an asparagine-to-glutamine (N-to-Q) mutation at the N0 site of the M2 segment (NR1:598, NR2B:589). Receptors with pure N or Q NR1 and NR2 subunits generated single-channel currents with distinctive current patterns. Based on main and sublevel amplitudes, occupancy probabilities, and lifetimes, four patterns of current were identified, corresponding to receptors with the following subunit compositions (NR1/NR2): N/N, N/Q, Q/N, and Q/Q. Only one current pattern was apparent for each composition. When a mixture of N and Q NR2 subunits was coexpressed with pure mutant NR1 subunits, three single-channel current patterns were apparent. One pattern was the same as Q/Q receptors and another was the same as Q/N receptors. The third, novel pattern presumably arose from hybrid receptors having both N and Q NR2 subunits. When a mixture of N and Q NR1 subunits was coexpressed with pure mutant NR2 subunits, six single-channel current patterns were apparent. One pattern was the same as Q/Q receptors and another was the same as N/Q receptors. The four novel patterns presumably arose from hybrid receptors having both N and Q NR1 subunits. The relative frequency of NR1 hybrid receptor current patterns depended on the relative amounts of Q and N subunits that were injected into the oocytes. The number of hybrid receptor patterns suggests that there are two NR2 subunits per receptor and is consistent with either three or five NR1 subunits per receptor, depending on whether or not the order of mutant and wild-type subunits influences the current pattern. When considered in relation to other studies, the most straightforward interpretation of the results is that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are pentamers composed of three NR1 and two NR2 subunits.
Key Words: ion channel • subunits • subconductance • glutamate
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introduction |
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; McBain and Mayer, 1994). Two classes of NMDA receptor subunit have been cloned, called and in the mouse, or NR1 and NR2 in the rat (Moriyoshi et al., 1991, Meguro et al., 1992; Monyer et al., 1992). Several lines of evidence indicate that native NMDA receptors are heteromultimers of both subunit classes. The coexpression of NR1 and NR2 subunits in Xenopus oocytes results in much larger currents compared with the expression of homomeric NR1 receptors (Nakanishi, 1992; Seeburg, 1993). In human embryonic kidney cells, NR1 subunits alone do not form functional channels (Grimwood et al., 1995). Further evidence suggesting that receptors are comprised of both subunit types is that NR1 and NR2 subunit-specific antibodies co-immunoprecipitate their antigens in the rat cortex (Sheng et al., 1994) and in transfected HEK cells (Chazot et al., 1994). With regard to receptor function, recombinant NR1/NR2B receptors exhibit a pattern of conductances (Stern et al., 1992), and have an equilibrium dissociation constant for MK801 (Chazot et al., 1994), similar to native receptors, suggesting that these two subunits coassemble.
The number of copies of the NR1 and NR2 subunit per receptor has not been clearly established. Kinetic and dose–response studies indicate that the activation of native NMDA receptors usually requires at least two molecules each of glycine and glutamate (Patneau and Mayer, 1990; Benvineste and Mayer, 1991; Clements and Westbrook, 1991). Glutamate binding appears to be associated with the NR2 subunit (Laube et al., 1997), and glycine binding with the NR1 subunit (Kuryatov et al.,1994; Hirai et al., 1996); thus, these studies suggest that NMDA receptors are at least tetramers comprised of two or more each of the NR1 and NR2 subunits. From analyses of single-channel current patterns of hybrid NR1-NR2A receptors, Behe et al. (1996) concluded that there are probably two copies of the NR1 subunit per receptor.
Other non-NMDA glutamate receptors (GluR) appear to have five subunits. The apparent molecular weights of purified homomeric GluR receptor complexes are approximately five times that of a single subunit (Blackstone et al., 1992; Wenthold et al., 1992). In addition, an analysis of GluR1 receptors composed of subunits with mixed sensitivities to channel blockers suggests a pentameric stoichiometry (Ferrier-Montiel and Montal, 1996).
An asparagine-to-glutamine (N-to-Q) mutation at the N0 position of the M2 segment (also called the QRN site) of NR1 and NR2B subunits (Burnashev et al., 1992; Kuner et al., 1996) generates receptors that have a prominent subconductance level (Ruppersberg et al., 1993; Premkumar and Auerbach, 1996a; Schneggenberger and Ascher, 1997). Here, we record single-channel currents from receptors comprised of mixtures of wild-type and N0 mutant subunits. When the NR1 subunit is mixed and the NR2 subunit is purely mutant, six distinct current patterns are apparent. When the NR2 subunit is mixed and the NR1 subunit is purely mutant, only three current patterns are apparent. We conclude that recombinant NMDA receptors are probably pentamers composed of three NR1 and two NR2B subunits. Some results have been presented previously in abstract form (Premkumar and Auerbach, 1996b).
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; Premkumar and Auerbach, 1996a). Oocytes were taken from Xenopus anaesthetized by an intramuscular injection of 0.1 cc 2% MS-222. Although we studied receptors assembled from mouse subunits, we will refer to the subunits using the NR1/NR2B naming convention.
Briefly, oocytes were injected with 50 nl of RNA (1 µg/ml) for NR1 and NR2B. For each subunit class, either mutant (NR1:N598Q or NR2B:N589Q) or a mixture of mutant plus wild-type cRNAs were injected. Unless stated otherwise, the injection ratio for the mixtures was 1:1. Between 4 and 15 d after injection, oocytes were exposed to hypertonic solution to remove the vitelline layer. Single channel currents were recorded from excised outside-out patches (Hamill et al., 1981). Currents were activated by rapid (<2-ms exchange time) superfusion of 2–20 µM NMDA plus 10 µM glycine. Pipettes were filled with (mM): 90 Na-gluconate, 10 NaCl, 10 BAPTA, 10 HEPES, 2 K2ATP, 0.25 GTP, pH 7.3. The extracellular solution contained (mM): 100 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 5 HEPES, 1.5 or 5 EGTA, pH 7.3. Ultra-pure salts were obtained from Johnson Matthey (Ward Hill, MA). All experiments were performed at 22–25°C. Unless noted otherwise, the membrane potential was –80 mV.
Currents were recorded using an EPC-7 patch clamp amplifier (List Electronic, Darmstadt, Germany). Patches were superfused with the agonist solution for several minutes before recording in order to establish a steady state level of activity. The currents were digitized at 94 kHz and stored in video format (VR-10B; Instrutech Corp., Great Neck, NY). For analysis, the currents were filtered at 2 kHz (–3 db frequency with an 8-pole low pass Bessel filter; Frequency Devices, Haverhill, MA) and continuous current records (1–10 min in duration) were digitized at 5 kHz. All-point amplitude histograms were made for each of these continuous segments (see Fig. 1).
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In experiments where both mutant and wild-type cDNAs were expressed for either the NR1 or NR2 subunit, multiple current patterns were often observed in a single patch. One goal of the analysis was to separate and quantify the distinct receptor assemblies according to their current patterns. An automated procedure was used to define, select, classify, and count the different current patterns.
The first step of this procedure was to break the continuous record into segments. All intervals between 2 and 12 pA were detected (program IPROC; Sachs, 1983). Next, clusters were defined as groups of openings separated by closed intervals less than some critical value, 
crit (program LPROC; Neil et al., 1991). Ideally, the values of crit should be determined from the distribution of closed intervals so that some shut components are completely included and others are completely excluded from the clusters. However, the closed interval distributions of NMDA receptors are complex, especially when several different receptor subtypes are present in the same patch, and no such clear separation could be accomplished. Kinetic analyses of patches apparently containing a single current pattern indicate that for each receptor subtype there is a closed interval component in the range 
6 ms (Premkumar et al., 1997). crit was therefore set to 10 ms. Note that the subsequent classification of clusters is not sensitive to the precise value of crit because the likelihood computed by the Viterbi algorithm is only weakly influenced by the closed-interval durations. However, the number of detected clusters of each pattern is sensitive to the value of crit. If, for example, an occupied receptor can enter a closed state(s) for a period >10 ms, then activity before and after such a closure would be counted as two clusters even though it arose from a single activation. It is possible that different receptor compositions might enter such long-lived closed states with different probabilities. Therefore, we emphasize that the number of clusters of each current pattern does not necessarily reflect the number of receptors of that composition.
Next, a subset of detected clusters was selected for further analysis. To reject overlapping currents from multiple channels, only clusters having a mean amplitude (i.e., the average of all nonclosed levels) between –2 and –9 pA were accepted. Considering the pattern with the lowest average amplitude (N/Q; see Table III), the lower limit allowed the inclusion of a sublevel sojourn (–2.4 pA), and the upper limit led to rejection of two overlapping main level sojourns (–9.2 pA). To include enough main-subconductance transitions to allow pattern classification, only clusters having durations >10 (or in some cases 20) ms were selected for further analysis.
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; Chung et al., 1990; program DETECT). Briefly, a bare Markov model, having only one state for each conductance class, was used to describe the currents within clusters. The Viterbi algorithm is a computationally efficient method of estimating the most likely state sequence through a series of current samples, based on both amplitude and kinetic criteria. Each model had one main level, one sublevel, and one fully closed level. Each level had additive noise (uncorrelated, Gaussian) of a variance that could differ from state to state. Each current sample was associated with a state of the model according to both amplitude and transition probabilities, and a log likelihood (LL) of the optimal state sequence was obtained. For each cluster, such an LL was computed using different models, and the cluster was classified according to the model that produced the highest LL. We emphasize that this classification procedure did not involve any optimization because all of the parameters of the model were fixed. The number of models applied to each current record was determined by inspection of the clusters. In addition to individual clusters, we examined the number of patterns from homogeneous patches where one pattern predominated (see Figs. 3 and 6), and the number of groups that were apparent in scatter plots of main/sub amplitudes of all valid clusters in patches, regardless of their classification by pattern (see Figs. 5 and 10).
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where the rate constants have the units s–1. The lone exception pertained to the second pattern (H1), where ksub
main was 150 s–1 and kmain sub was 850 s–1. The LL is mainly determined by cluster amplitudes rather than interval durations and, with the exception of the Q/Q and H1 patterns, cluster classification was not sensitive to either the connectivity or rate constants of the model. For the NR2 hybrids experiments, three models were applied to each cluster, with rate constants as in Model 1 and amplitudes (main/sub, in pA) of 7.7/5.2, 7.3/3.2, and 6.1/0.8. In all of the models the standard deviation of the additive noise was 0.5 pA. To allow for missed events, all states of the model were allowed to interconvert with a probability >10–5.
Clusters were classified according to the model that produced the highest LL. There were two exceptions to this classification procedure. First, if the likelihood of the best model was not above a minimal standard, the cluster in question was considered to be invalid (i.e., not belonging to any of the tested models) and was rejected from further analysis. For a homogeneous population of Q/Q clusters (from a pure subunit injection experiment), the LL/ms according to the Q/Q model was 6.85 ± 0.93 (n = 76). Homogeneous populations of clusters (after separation) produced an LL/ms of 6 ± 1 for the optimal model (see the last row of Tables II and III). From these considerations, a value 10 LL U/ms was selected as the standard for rejection.
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10% of clusters were rejected for either of these two reasons.
There was considerable scatter in the number of selected clusters per patch (range: 9–461) because of patch-to-patch variations in the duration of the recording, the number of channels, and, perhaps, the activation parameters of receptors. On average, 60 clusters were analyzed per patch. In experiments with pure wild-type and mutant subunits, 50 patches were examined (Table I), and 299 clusters were isolated from eight patches. In experiments where a mixture of wild-type and mutant NR2 subunits were examined, 693 clusters were isolated from 13 patches. In experiments where a mixture of wild-type and mutant NR1 subunits were examined, 2,879 clusters were isolated from 44 patches.
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; see Juang and Rabiner, 1990). This is an optimization method that computes the most likely state sequence using the Viterbi algorithm, and then re-estimates model parameters to achieve the maximum likelihood of this state sequence. The optimized parameters are shown in Tables II and III. In receptors comprised of purely wild-type NR1 and purely mutant NR2 subunits (Q/N receptors), the sublevel was not readily distinguished from the baseline in the cluster-based analyses, so that in these experiments the results were different from those estimated by applying SKM to the entire record (Table I). The kinetic scheme had three conductance states (closed, sub, main). In the SKM method, transitions between all states are allowed; i.e., the three conductance states were fully interconnected. The starting values for the mean amplitudes and standard deviations of each state were determined by interactively selecting segments of the current that appeared to correspond to each state of the model. This selection was done only for the first cluster in the patch record; the same starting values were applied to all of the remaining clusters. The starting rate constants were all 1,000 s–1. From these initial estimates, the most likely state sequence through the cluster was calculated using the Viterbi algorithm. Model parameters (amplitudes, variances, and transition probabilities) were then re-estimated from the state sequence, and a new most likely state sequence was computed. This procedure was repeated iteratively until convergence, defined by both a small change in the log likelihood (<0.01 likelihood units) and a small average derivative of the model parameters (<0.01). Typically, the model parameters converged in less than five iterations. The procedure was repeated for all clusters. The outputs of interest from the SKM algorithm were a model that encodes the mean amplitude, noise standard deviation, mean lifetime, and occupancy probability for each current level, and the likelihood of the optimal state sequence through the current.
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Fig. 1 shows continuous current records from patches expressing each of the four combinations of pure subunits. When open, N/N (wild-type) receptors occupy a main current level with a probability near 1.0. At –80 mV, the amplitude of this level is –6.7 pA. In the presence of 1 mM Ca2+, subconductance states are present in rat wild-type NR (Stern et al., 1992), but in Ca+2-free solutions subconductance states are virtually nonexistent in mouse NR (Premkumar and Auerbach, 1996a). Q/Q receptors occupy a main (–7.7 pA) and a sub- (–5.1 pA) level with approximately equal probability. N/Q receptors also exhibit both a main (–4.5 pA) and a sub- (–2.1 pA) level, with the former occupied with a higher probability. Q/N receptors give rise to a main level (–6.2 pA), and a long lived, low amplitude (–0.9 pA) sublevel. For each composition, the amplitude and relative occupancy probability of each current level is given in Table I.
Upon injection of pure N or Q subunits, only one current pattern was observed for each of the four receptor compositions. Clusters of opening were isolated by an automated procedure (i.e., without selection by eye). Fig. 2 shows a plot of the sub- versus main amplitudes, compiled on a cluster-by-cluster basis, for the Q/Q and N/Q patterns. There is substantial scatter in the amplitudes, mostly from patch-to-patch. For the Q/Q clusters (5 patches, 207 clusters; mean ± SD), the main level amplitude was –7.73 ± 0.29 pA, and ranged from –8.7 to –6.7 pA. For the N/Q clusters (2 patches, 97 clusters), the main amplitude was –4.49 ± 0.28 pA, and ranged from –5.0 to –3.9 pA.
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Patterns of Receptors Composed of a Mixture of Mutant and Wild-Type NR2 Subunits
To ascertain the number of copies of the NR2B subunit per receptor, mixtures of wild-type and mutant NR2B subunits were expressed. The mixture pertained only to the NR2 subunit; in these experiments, the NR1 subunit was purely mutant at the N0 position.
Three current patterns were apparent in these experiments. In most of the patches, only one of these three patterns was present in a patch. Examples are shown in Fig. 3, in which clusters, and amplitude histograms of all clusters, are displayed. One pattern was identical to that observed when pure Q NR2 subunits were expressed, and could thus be identified as arising from Q/Q receptors (Fig. 3 A). Another pattern was identical to that of pure Q/N receptors (Fig. 3 C). The third current pattern was novel and had three open channel current levels (see Fig. 3 B, middle trace). This pattern was never observed in injections of pure mutant or wild-type subunits, and we therefore conclude that this pattern arises from hybrid receptors composed of both mutant and wild-type NR2B subunits. In the hybrid pattern, three open channel currents are apparent, with mean amplitudes of –8.0, –6.7, and –3.2 pA (Table II). Note that in the all-points amplitude histogram of the NR2 hybrid (Fig. 3 B), the two largest amplitude levels merge into a single, broad peak.
In some patches, more than one current pattern was apparent. Fig. 4 shows an example in which clusters with the Q/Q or the hybrid pattern were both present in a single patch. The amplitude histogram of all the clusters in this patch shows three open channel peaks plus one baseline peak (Fig. 4 A). The peak at –7.5 pA in the all-point histogram reflects the sum of the activity of both receptor compositions because the main amplitudes of the Q/Q and hybrid patterns are similar. Clusters were separated into homogeneous groups according to pattern using a log likelihood method. The amplitude histograms of the separated groups are also shown in Fig. 4 B. In this patch, there were 104 Q/Q clusters and 25 hybrid clusters.
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The amplitude, noise standard deviations, lifetimes, and current level occupancies of the subtypes of receptors expressed when a mixture of wild-type and mutant NR2 subunits was injected is given in Table II. In the hybrid receptors, the two highest open channel amplitudes differ by 1.3 pA (or 16 pS, assuming a reversal potential of 0 mV), while the sublevel (–3.2 pA) was approximately the average of the Q/Q and Q/N sublevels.
To summarize, three current patterns are produced when a mixture of N and Q NR2 subunits are expressed.
Patterns from Receptors Composed of a Mixture of Mutant and Wild-Type NR1 Subunits
To deduce the number of copies of the NR1 subunit per receptor, mixtures of wild type (N) and mutant (Q) NR1 subunits were expressed. The mixture pertained only to the NR1 subunit, as the NR2 subunit was purely mutant.
Several current patterns were observed in these experiments. Usually more than one current pattern was present in a patch. In some patches, however, a single current pattern predominated, and the amplitude histograms could be described by the sum of only three Gaussian components (corresponding to the main, sub-, and closed levels). Examples of clusters, and amplitude histograms from such patches, are shown in Fig. 6.
From the all-point amplitude histograms of these patches, six current patterns could be identified. Two of the patterns were identical to receptors expressed with pure subunits and could therefore be identified as corresponding to the Q/Q (Fig. 6 A) and N/Q patterns (Fig. 6 F). In addition, four novel current patterns were apparent, called H1–H4. Since injections of purely N or Q NR1 subunits result in a single pattern (Fig. 1, A and C), the novel patterns presumably arise from hybrid receptors composed of both N and Q NR1 subunits.
Although some patches appeared to be nearly homogeneous with regard to the pattern of clusters, usually multiple cluster patterns were present in a single patch. In these cases, peaks of the all-point amplitude histogram often could not be directly associated with a current level of a specific pattern. First, the Q/Q and H1 patterns have similar amplitudes and are distinguished only on the basis of the sublevel occupancy probability. Second, the main levels of some patterns (N/Q: –4.6 pA; H3: –5.4 pA) are similar to the sublevels of others (H2: –4.7 pA; Q/Q and H1: –5.3 pA) and current from each level cannot be resolved as separate peaks. Thus, the number of clusters of each pattern could not, in general, be estimated from fitting amplitude histograms, and clusters were instead classified as belonging to the Q/Q, N/Q, or one of the hybrid patterns using the log likelihood as a discriminator.
In the patch shown in Fig. 7, only two types of clusters were apparent. The amplitude histogram of all clusters shows a continuous spread of current between –8 and –4 pA (Fig. 7 A). Upon separation, 39% of clusters were associated with the H1 pattern, 58% with the H2 pattern, and 3% of clusters could not be associated with any of the six patterns that were tested. Examination of each of these rejected clusters showed that the low LL arose from either noise, channel overlap (multiples), or the chance juxtaposition of an H1 and an H2 cluster. The separation procedure successfully decomposed the global all-points histogram into its components (Fig. 7 B).
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Fig. 9 shows a more complicated patch in which four current patterns were apparent. A continuous stretch of current is shown in Fig. 9 A, and the global amplitude histogram of all 444 clusters in this patch is shown in Fig 9 B. After separation, H1, H3, H4, and N/Q clusters were identified. Note that for the examples shown in Figs. 6–9, the amplitude histograms for each receptor subtype were similar between patches, supporting the conclusion that the current patterns are modal, as opposed to continuous, in nature.
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The amplitude and occupancy parameters for the Q/Q, H1–H4, and N/Q patterns obtained from oocytes injected with a mixture of N and Q NR1 subunits are summarized in Table III. The ratio of the main/sublevel amplitude is 1.4 for the Q/Q and all of the hybrid patterns, and 2.1 for the N/Q pattern. Since some of the hybrid patterns presumably reflect receptors having different numbers of N and Q NR1 subunits, this result indicates that the number of mutant subunits at the NR1 N0 position does not uniquely determine the relative currents of the main and sublevels. The main amplitude changes in a consistent manner between hybrids, decreasing by 1.2 pA (15 pS) between H1–H2, H2–H3, and H3–H4. The sublevels of the H1 and H2 patterns were preferentially occupied with a much greater probability (P = 0.85 and 0.70, respectively), while the main and sublevels of the H3 and H4 patterns were occupied with approximately equal probability.
Fig. 11 shows the time dependence of the cluster frequency and current amplitudes in a patch with four different cluster patterns. Over a 4-min period, there was no drift in the main and sublevel amplitudes within each pattern, and no obvious correlation in the frequencies of occurrence of different patterns. This result is consistent with the presence of four distinct, stable populations of receptor in the patch.
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Separation of the Q/Q and H1 Patterns
Fig. 12 shows that receptors exhibiting the Q/Q and H1 patterns are differentially sensitive to external Ca2+. Previous work has shown that low (5 µM) concentrations of Ca2+ specifically block the sublevel of pure Q/Q receptors (Premkumar and Auerbach, 1996a). In the patch shown in Fig. 12, in Ca2+-free solutions (at a membrane potential of –160 mV), only the Q/Q and H1 patterns were present. At this voltage, the main level amplitude is –12.8 pA and the sublevel amplitude is –9.2 pA (Fig. 12 A). The relative frequency of each pattern was approximately equal. After the addition of 16.7 µM Ca2+ to the extracellular solution, two new patterns having distinct main and sublevel amplitudes were apparent. One of the current patterns was that expected from Ca2+-blocked Q/Q receptors, in which the main level was –12.2 pA and the sublevel was –2.4 pA. The other current pattern was novel and had a main level of –10.2 pA and a sublevel of –3.4 pA (Fig. 12 B). Fitting the all-points histogram to the sum of five Gaussian components indicated that the relative frequency of each pattern was approximately equal. We conclude that this novel pattern arises from H1 receptors in the patch, and the Ca2+ block of the H1 receptor sublevel is less than that of Q/Q receptors. This result unequivocally shows that the Q/Q and H1 patterns do not reflect a continuum of kinetic behaviors, but rather arise from different populations of receptors.
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90% accurate. The number of clusters of each pattern is not solely dependent on the number of receptors having a specific composition because recording duration varied from patch-to-patch, all patches did not contain receptors of all compositions, and the activation kinetic parameters (which influence the apparent number of events that are counted) are not known and may differ for each receptor subtype. For these reasons, and because the separation procedure was not perfect, the occurrence of each pattern was counted on a patch-by-patch, rather than cluster-by-cluster basis. In this accounting, a pattern was considered to be present in a patch only if >5% of the clusters in that patch were associated with that pattern.
Table IV shows the number of patches having each current pattern as a function of the NR1 Q:N injection ratio. With a 4:1 ratio (7 patches, 461 clusters), the Q/Q, H1, and H2 patterns were observed most frequently, and the N/Q pattern was observed in only one patch. With a 1:1 ratio (14 patches, 1,439 clusters), the Q/Q, H1, and H2 patterns still predominated, but the N/Q pattern was observed in five patches. With either a 1:4 (12 patches, 453 clusters) or a 1:9 injection ratio (11 patches, 526 clusters), the N/Q pattern was most common, but the Q/Q and H1 patterns were still present.
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For the NR2 mixtures, in 15 patches, 711 clusters were selected, of which 21% were Q/Q, 74% were hybrid, only 2% were N/Q, and 3% were rejects. The relatively high frequency of Q/Q clusters suggests that, as with the NR1 subunit, there appears to be a preferential incorporation of Q NR2 subunits into receptors having all-Q NR1 subunits.
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Accuracy of the Pattern Count and Limitations of the Analysis
The numbers of patterns that were observed in mixed subunit injection experiments reflect the numbers of subunit compositions that formed. This accounting will be used to infer NR stoichiometry, and it is therefore important to consider the degree of confidence that can be placed on these values.
The number of patterns was determined independently of the separation procedure. With NR2 subunit mixtures, three distinct cluster patterns (Q/Q, Q/N, and the NR2 hybrid) were observed by direct inspection of the currents. These three patterns were readily identified in patches that had only one pattern (Fig. 3), as well as in all-points amplitude histograms from patches with multiple patterns (Fig. 4). In addition, three groups of amplitudes are evident in scatter plots combined from many patches (Fig. 5), without regard for classification by pattern. In 15 patches in which both Q and N NR2 subunits were injected, only a single NR2 hybrid receptor pattern was observed. In our experiments, when both mutant and wild-type NR2B subunits were expressed, we can be certain that three current patterns were produced.
The case of the NR1 subunit is more complex because there were more patterns, and because the patterns were less distinct. Several lines of evidence support the estimate that six NR1 patterns were produced. (a) Single pattern patches. In at least one patch, each of the six patterns was present in isolation of the others (Fig. 6). In addition, all single-pattern patches could be classified according to one of the six patterns of main and sublevel current. Of 44 patches in which both Q and N NR1 subunits were injected, six different patterns were observed in single-pattern patches. (b) Consistency of the patterns. The same six patterns that were observed in single-pattern patches were also present in patches having multiple patterns. For example, the H1 pattern (main/sublevel amplitudes and occupancy probabilities) was the same in single-, double-, triple-, and quadruple-pattern patches (Figs. 6–9). Similarly, the rarest pattern, H4, was the same in a single-pattern patch (Fig. 6) as in patches having three (Fig. 8) or four (Fig. 9) patterns. The patterns are highly reproducible from patch to patch. (c) Grouping of patterns. The clusters fall into six groups, irrespective of their classification into patterns according to likelihood. The scatter plot in Fig. 10 shows all valid clusters; i.e., without regard to their association with a pattern. By eye, five groups are apparent, and, since one group contains two patterns that are distinguished on the basis of relative occupancy of the sublevel (Q/Q and H1), we conclude that there are six patterns.
There are limitations to the conclusions that can be drawn from this accounting, even assuming that the experimentally observed patterns were counted with perfect accuracy. The number of observed patterns would underestimate the number of subunit compositions if some subunit compositions rarely (if ever) assembled. To minimize this possibility, a large number of patches and clusters was examined. Clusters that did not fit any of the test patterns (based on a low likelihood) were found to deviate because of noise or chance overlaps, rather than because they arose from a novel pattern. Nonetheless, it remains possible that more patterns would have been observed if we had examined a larger number of patches and clusters. The number of observed patterns would also underestimate the number of subunit compositions if some subunit compositions produced phenotypes that were not distinguishable. In this case, even a large number of recordings would not aid in their resolution.
Conversely, the number of observed patterns would overestimate the number of subunit compositions if a single assemblage gave rise to variable, or multiple, phenotypes. For example, we considered that adjacent NR1 patterns (H2/H3 or H3/H4; Fig. 10) might reflect a single distribution with an extraordinary degree of scatter. Several facts argue against this hypothesis. Each pattern was observed in isolation of all others. Given the sparseness of clusters between adjacent pattern groups (Fig. 10), this result would not be expected if the samples were drawn from a single, smeared Gaussian distribution. Moreover, the variance of the NR2 hybrid pattern (Fig. 5 and Table II) is similar to that of pure subunit patterns (Fig. 2 and Table I), so excess variance would necessarily pertain only to the NR1 subunit. With regard to multiple phenotypes, ‘modal' behavior was not apparent in receptors having pure mutant or wild-type subunits, nor in the NR2 hybrid. In addition, instances of pattern switching in NR1 hybrid receptors were not observed when the activity level was low (and such events could not be readily attributed to a random overlap of independent clusters), or at longer time scales (Fig. 11). Thus, the results do not suggest that there are more patterns than subunit compositions.
Stoichiometry is essentially a question of structure, and the inference of subunit copy numbers from a purely functional assay such as we have employed cannot be considered definitive. Note that the limitations discussed above apply not only to current pattern analysis, but to other function-based assays of stoichiometry, such as analyses of hybrid receptor pharmacological profiles.
NR1 and NR2B Subunit Copy Numbers
An important result is that a single current pattern was observed when the NR1 or NR2B subunits were purely mutant or wild type. This consistency suggests that all of the expressed receptors have the same number of NR1 and NR2B subunits, and that there is probably a single number of subunits and a single ordering of the NR1 and NR2 subunits in a heteromultimeric receptor. In addition, this result indicates that the properties of the receptors (with regard to current pattern) are stable over the time scale of the recording. The uniformity and stability of the single-channel currents from receptors with unmixed subunits allows novel current patterns that are observed after injection of a mixture of mutant and wild-type subunits to be associated with hybrid receptors having different NR1 and NR2 subunit compositions.
The relationship between the number of observed current patterns in hybrid receptors, and the number of copies of the mutant and wild-type subunits per receptor, depends on the physical mechanisms by which subconductances are generated. These mechanisms are, at present, unknown, so several alternative hypotheses must be considered.
First, a current pattern might be determined only by the number of mutant sidechains at the N0 position, with no dependence whatsoever on the position(s) of the mutant residue(s) in the receptor. In this case, the number of subunits (n) will be equal to the number of patterns minus 1, with each pattern corresponding to a receptor with 0, 1, . . . n copies of the mutant subunit. According to this hypothesis, the presence of six NR1 and three NR2 patterns would indicate that NMDA receptors are heptamers with the stoichiometry (NR1)5- (NR2)2.
More patterns would be observed if both the number and the positions of the mutant sidechain(s) determine the subconductance pattern. If every positional sequence produced a unique current pattern, there should be 2n patterns when both N and Q subunits are co-injected, because each of the N residues can be either mutant or wild type. This hypothesis does not fit with the results because the number of observed patterns (six and three) are not powers of two.
Another hypothesis can be considered given that the N0 residues are likely to encircle the pore, like beads on a necklace. In this case, both the number and position of the mutant sidechains influence the current pattern, but those compositions that superimpose upon rotation, or reflection across a diameter, are considered to be equivalent with respect to current pattern. As a result, fewer than 2n current patterns would be apparent. Specifically, when each position can have k possible sidechains (in this case two: mutant or wild type), the number of nonequivalent compositions is (Roberts, 1984): 1/2(kn + kn/2) if n is even, and 1/2(kn + k(n+1)/2) if n is odd.
From these equations we calculate that upon injection of a binary subunit mixture there will be 3 current patterns if there are two copies of the subunit, 6 patterns if there are three copies, and 10 patterns if there are four copies per receptor. The number of patterns that were observed is consistent with this hypothesis if NMDA receptors were pentamers with the stoichiometry (NR1)3(NR2B)2. Some of the possible compositions are shown in Fig. 13.
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) and are almost certainly in close contact with each other. It is likely that under such spatially constrained conditions, the single-channel current would be influenced by both the number of mutant and wild-type residues, as well as the types of contacts between the N0 sidechains. In addition, there is a precedent for both the number and position of mutant sidechains in the pore region influencing the current pattern (Liu et al., 1996).
Biochemical evidence supports a pentameric NMDA receptor stoichiometry. The molecular mass of the immunoprecipitated, cross-linked native NMDA receptor complex is 730 kD, and that of the (glycosylated) NR1 subunit is 116 kD (Brose et al., 1993). The mass of both NR2A and NR2B subunits, calculated from their sequences, is 163 kD (see Hollman et al., 1994). These subunits are heavily glycosylated, and, if glycosylation increases the molecular mass by 1.3 kD per site (Brose et al., 1993), the mass of each NR2 subunit would increase to 185 kD. Given these values, the estimated molecular mass of a fully glycosylated (NR1)3- (NR2)2 pentamer would be 718 kD. Thus, the experimentally determined size of the native NMDA receptors complex is consistent with a (NR1)3(NR2)2 pentameric stoichiometry.
From these considerations, and from previous studies that suggest that non-NMDA glutamate receptors are pentamers, the most straightforward interpretation of the results is that NMDA receptors are pentamers composed of three NR1 and two NR2 subunits.
Association of Patterns with Compositions
If there are two NR2 subunits per receptor, the single NR2 hybrid pattern can be unambiguously associated with the composition Q3/QN. For the NR1 subunit, it is less certain how to map the four hybrid patterns (H1– H4) on to the two hybrid compositions (Q2N/Q2 and QN2/Q2). The H1 and H2 pattern current amplitudes are similar to those of Q3Q2 receptors, and the frequency of these hybrid patterns was greater at high Q:N injection ratios (Table IV). Conversely, the H3 and H4 current amplitudes resemble those of N3Q2 receptors, and the frequency of these hybrid patterns increased at low Q:N injection ratios. This result suggests that the H1 and H2 patterns arise from receptors having the composition Q2N/Q2, and the H3 and H4 patterns with the composition QN2/Q2. We speculate that the rather small differences between H1 and H2 (main level amplitude: 7.7 vs. 6.8 pA), and H3 and H4 (main level amplitude: 5.4 vs. 4.1 pA), arise from positional differences rather than a difference in the number of mutant N0 sidechains. The proposed compositions of the different patterns is summarized in Fig 13.
Given a (NR1)3(NR2B)2 stoichiometry, there are two possible subunit sequences, with the two NR2 subunits adjacent (1-1-1-2-2) or apart (1-1-2-1-2). (Note that the above discussion regarding the effects of position on the number of current patterns is the same for both alternatives.) The fact that a single pattern is observed in pure mutant or wild-type subunits suggests that a single number and positional sequence of the subunits is imposed during assembly; i.e., that, for all receptors, the NR2 subunits are either adjacent or apart. The assembly of acetylcholine receptor channels, which are pentamers composed of four different subunits, is also not random (Unwin, 1993). We speculated that the large extracellular domains of the acetylcholine and NMDA receptor channel subunits limit and direct the assembly process.
In experiments where the NR2 subunit was all mutant and the NR1 subunit was mixed, incorporation of mutant subunits was still rather common even when the Q:N injection ratio was 1:9 (Table IV). This suggests that there is a preferential incorporation of mutant subunits into receptors; i.e., that the incorporation of an N or a Q subunit is not random and the nature of the N0 sidechain of the NR1 subunit influences the assembly process.
Comparison with Previous Results
Our results do not agree with previous analyses of subconductance patterns of hybrid NMDA receptors. In similar experiments, using recombinant NR1–NR2A receptors, Behe et al. (1996) observed only one NR1 hybrid pattern and concluded that there are probably two copies of the NR1 subunit per receptor. The reason for the discrepancy with our results is unclear, but may relate to the fact that Behe et al. (1996) expressed the NR1 hybrids on a wild-type NR2 background [(N + R)/N], while we expressed the NR1 hybrids using a mutant NR2 background [(N + Q)/Q]. We observe that subconductance transitions are much less apparent when the NR2 subunit was wild type rather than mutant. In addition, Behe et al. (1996) used receptors having an N-to-R (rather than N-to-Q) mutation. In the presence of 1 mM Ca2+, the sublevel of the R mutant is quite small, and hybrid receptors of different compositions (e.g., with two versus three mutant NR1 subunits) may have current patterns that are not readily distinguishable. Finally, it is possible that with an R mutation, nonrandom assembly and/or right-shifted dose–response profiles may have made some compositions too infrequent to be observed in the number of hybrid patches that were examined.
Wollmuth et al. (1996) determined that substitution of a glycine at the N0 position of the NR1 subunit or at the structurally homologous N+1 position of the NR2 subunit increases the channel diameter to different extents depending on the subunits that are mutated. Mutating all NR1 subunits increases the diameter by 0.20 nm, mutating all NR2 subunits increases it by 0.12 nm, and mutating both NR1 and NR2 subunits increases it by 0.32 nm. These results, obtained by methods that are quite different from single-channel current pattern analysis, are consistent with an NR1:NR2A stoichiometry of 3:2, with an increase in diameter of 0.065 nm per subunit associated with the Q-to-G mutation.
The results suggest that NMDA receptors, like non-NMDA glutamate receptors (Blackstone et al., 1992; Wenthold et al., 1992; Ferrier-Montiel and Montal, 1996), muscle-type acetylcholine receptors (Toyoshima and Unwin, 1988; Unwin, 1993), neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (Cooper et al., 1991), glycine receptors (Kuhse et al., 1993), and GABAA receptors (Backus et al., 1993; Chang et al., 1996) are composed of five subunits. The narrowest region of the pore of both NMDA (Kuner et al., 1996) and non-NMDA (Hollman et al., 1994) glutamate receptors are formed by a hairpin turn in the M2 segment, similar to the P-loop region of voltage-gated channels. Thus, such a ‘loop' motif appears to be present in both tetra- and pentameric channels.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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This work was supported in part by grants NS-23513 and RR-1114 from the National Institutes of Health.
Submitted: 17 July 1997
Accepted: 29 August 1997
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, three patches). All valid clusters in all of the patches are plotted. A single pattern of current is present with these injections of unmixed subunits. The diagonal distribution of Q/Q amplitudes indicates that scatter in the main and sublevels is correlated.
) and main (•) level amplitudes are plotted for each cluster as a function of time. The results are consistent with four stable populations of receptor in the patch. Main and sublevel amplitudes of each pattern do not drift, and there is no apparent pattern switching or correlation among cluster frequencies of different patterns.
