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Synergistic Activation of ENaC by Three Membrane-bound Channel-activating Serine Proteases (mCAP1, mCAP2, and mCAP3) and Serum- and Glucocorticoid-regulated Kinase (Sgk1) in Xenopus Oocytes
Address correspondence to Bernard C. Rossier, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Toxicologie, Rue du Bugnon 27, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland. Fax: (41) 21-692-5355; E-mail: Bernard.Rossier{at}ipharm.unil.ch
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Key Words: epithelial sodium channel • amiloride • serum glucocorticoid–regulated kinase 1 (Sgk1) • aldosterone • NEDD4
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). We have recently identified a membrane-bound serine protease that acts as channel-activating protease, namely CAP1 (Vallet et al., 1997, 1998; Vuagniaux et al., 2000). This regulation defines a novel extracellular signaling pathway, which appears to be highly conserved throughout evolution from Xenopus (xCAP1) (Vallet et al., 1997) to mouse (Vuagniaux et al., 2000), rat (Adachi et al., 2001), and human (Yu et al., 1995). CAP1 activates ENaC through its extracellular serine protease activity, as evidenced by patch-clamp experiments (Chraibi et al., 1998). The activation of ENaC by CAP1 can be mimicked by external addition of trypsin, showing that both CAP1 and trypsin act via the same pathway. Aprotinin, an inhibitor of serine proteases, can block this effect (Vallet et al., 1997; Vuagniaux et al., 2000). In epithelial cell lines, like the Xenopus kidney cell line (A6), ENaC appears to be constitutively activated through the presence of endogenously expressed serine proteases, since basal transepithelial Na+ transport cannot be further activated by addition of trypsin (Vallet et al., 1997). However, the base line Na+ transport can be inhibited by the addition of aprotinin on the apical side of the cell and this inhibition can be reversed by the addition of trypsin (Vallet et al., 1997). In Xenopus kidney cells, up to 90% of the amiloride-sensitive electrogenic Na+ transport can be blocked by aprotinin (50 µM) (Vallet et al., 1997), whereas the mouse mpkCCDcl4 cell line (derived from the cortical collecting duct; Bens et al., 1999) appears to be only 50% sensitive to aprotinin (Vuagniaux et al., 2000). These findings suggest that ENaC activation is achieved by either a constitutive, serine protease–independent mechanism or, alternatively, that the activation depends on more than one serine protease with different sensitivity to aprotinin and that acts in combination within the same cell. The mechanism by which serine proteases like CAP1 activates ENaC is not yet understood. CAP1 leads to a very substantial increase in the open probability of the Na+ channel, whereas the number of channels at the cell surface is either unchanged (Vallet et al., 1997) or even diminished (Vuagniaux et al., 2000).
The activity of ENaC is tightly controlled by hormones, including aldosterone and vasopressin (for review see Verrey et al., 2000). Components of the aldosterone-dependent signaling pathway have been identified recently. Aldosterone rapidly induced the expression of Sgk1 kinase (serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase), a member of the PKB-AKT family of serine-threonine kinases (Webster et al., 1993). When coexpressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, Sgk1 stimulates ENaC activity by 2–3-fold (Chen et al., 1999; Naray-Fejes-Toth et al., 1999). In Xenopus oocytes, Sgk1 increases cell surface expression of ENaC without changing its open probability (Alvarez de La Rosa et al., 1999; Loffing et al., 2001). Recently, it has been demonstrated that the phosphorylation of Nedd4-2, an ubiquitin protein ligase, by Sgk1 may regulate epithelial sodium channel cell surface expression in the Xenopus oocyte system (Debonneville et al., 2001). It was further demonstrated that the phosphorylation of Nedd4-2 decreases its affinity for ENaC, thereby diminishing ENaC endocytosis and/or degradation (Debonneville et al., 2001; Snyder et al., 2002). These data provided evidence for the missing link between aldosterone binding to its receptor, transcription activation of an aldosterone-induced protein (Sgk1) and the molecular mechanism leading to an increased cell surface expression of ENaC.
The aims of the present study were twofold: (a) to test the interaction between two regulatory pathways that can activate ENaC through extracellular signaling via CAPs and intracellular signaling via Sgk1, and (b) to identify further putative membrane-bound serine proteases able to activate ENaC; in particular, to search for an aprotinin-resistant protease that could account for the pharmacological data observed in the mouse CCD cell line.
We demonstrate here the existence of three channel-activating proteases, namely mouse channel–activating protease, mCAP1, mCAP2, and mCAP3 within the same kidney cell. Whereas mCAP2 is inhibited by aprotinin as well as mCAP1, mCAP3 is not significantly inhibited by this serine protease inhibitor. Each of these membrane-bound serine proteases increases ENaC-mediated INa and potentiates the effect mediated by Sgk1.
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). The primers used were as follows: D1 (sense) 5'-AA(AG)TT(CT)CCITGGCA(AG)GT-3', nt +118 to +134; D2 (antisense) 5'-CC(AG)CA(CT)TC(AG)TCICCCCA-3', nt +743 to +727; D3 (antisense) 5'-CCIGC(AG)CA(AGT)ATCAT (AG)TC-3', nt +629 to +613; according to xCAP1 (5' and 3'). To obtain a full length clone, rapid amplification of 5' and 3' ends (RACE) has been performed (Vuagniaux et al., 2000). For the 5'-RACE, successively after mCAP2-specific reverse primers were used: RC1 (5'-ACAGGCAAGGATGGAGAGT-3', nt position +812 to +794) and adaptor-specific primer dC-5R (5'-GCATGCTCGAGCGGCCGCAACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC-3'), and RC2 (5'-GATGCTCCCACCACAGAC-3', nt position +696 to +679) and the adaptor-specific primer 5R (5'-GCATGCTCGAGCGGCCGCAAC-3'), according to the manufacturer's instructions (Life Technologies). For 3'-RACE, reverse transcription was performed, using mCAP2-specific primers RC3 (5'-GATGAGGTGCTTGTCCCAG-3', nt position +937 to +955) and an oligo(dt) adaptor primer (5'-CGAGATCTATGCGGCCGCTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-3'). Full-length clone of mCAP2 was obtained by PCR on total RNA extracted from distal colon using S2 (5'-TAGGAGGATTACCAAAGCAG-3', nt position -20 to -1) and AS2 (5'-ATGCCGTAGGTAGGTCTGAA-3'). 33 cycles were run consisting of 30 s at 94°C, 30 s at 54°C, and 1 min 30 s at 72°C. After the last cycle, elongation was allowed to proceed for 7 min at 72°C using Taq polymerase (Roche). PCR products were purified by gel electrophoresis and, following extraction, cloned into pT7Blue vector (Novagen) and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence reported for mCAP2 in this paper has been submitted to the National Institutes of Health database under EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ accession no. AY043240.
Mouse CAP3:
By analyzing a SAGE library (serial analysis of genome sequences; Robert-Nicoud et al., 2001) and EST database, a SAGE tag (GATCAAAGAGCACA) corresponding to the recently cloned mouse epithin (AF042822) had been identified (Kim et al., 1999). Based on sequence information, RT-PCR was performed on RNA of mpkCCDc14 cells using primers S3 (5'-GACCACGCGTCTGAGACC-3', nt position -38 to -20) and AS3 (5'-GACAGTTGGAAGCAGCTCTC-3', nt position +2868 to +2849). 10 cycles were run, each consisting of 15 s at 94°C, 30 s at 58°C, and 2 min at 68°C, followed by 20 cycles with continuously increasing elongation times of each 20 s at 68°C using Taq polymerase (Expand High Fidelity PCR system; Roche). PCR product was gel purified, extracted, cloned into pT7Blue vector, and named mCAP3.
Northern Blot Analysis
Total RNA was prepared from whole mouse kidney and confluent mpkCCDc14 cells as described. 20 µg RNA were run on a 0.8% denaturing glyoxal agarose gel and blotted onto nylon membranes (Hybond-N; Amersham Biosciences). Membranes were hybridized with randomly primed 32P-labeled probes for rENaC (Canessa et al., 1994), mCAP1 (512 bp: nt +163 to +674), mCAP2 (472 bp: nt +643 to +1115), mCAP3 (603 bp: nt +2442 to +3045).
Electrophysiological Experiments in Xenopus Oocytes
For functional expression studies, cDNA for mCAP1, mCAP2, mCAP3, and mouse Sgk1 (provided by O. Staub, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Lausanne, Switzerland) were subcloned into pSDS expression vector and in vitro transcribed, as described previously (Canessa et al., 1994). Purified cRNA were injected into stage V/VI Xenopus oocytes. Routinely, oocytes were injected with 0.33 ng of each cRNA coding for the rat 
-, ß- and 
-ENaC subunits in the presence or absence of varying concentrations of mCAP1, mCAP2, and mCAP3 and incubated in a modified Barth (low sodium) solution, as described (Firsov et al., 1996). Oocytes were incubated overnight in modified Barth saline solution in the presence or absence of 100 µg/ml aprotinin. This protocol insures that intracellular sodium is low at the beginning of the measurement and independent of the level of ENaC expression at the cell surface. Electrophysiological measurements were performed 1–2 d after cRNA injection using the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique and one bath electrode, allowing corrections for serial resistance. The oocytes were exposed to 2 µg/ml trypsin during 2–3 min and amiloride-sensitive Na+ current (INa) was measured in the presence of 120 mM of Na+ in frog Ringer's solution with 5 µM amiloride at a holding potential of -100 mV.
Measurement of N and INa within the Same Oocyte
Cell surface expression has been performed as described (Firsov et al., 1996). Briefly, 1 ng of tagged rat -, ß-, and -ENaC subunits was expressed in oocytes either alone or with 4 ng (mCAP1), 8 ng (mCAP2) or 2 ng (mCAP3) of each CAP and/or 4 ng Sgk1 cRNA. The density of the channel was then calculated by binding of iodinated anti-FLAG monoclonal antibody (M2Ab*) (Sigma-Aldrich). The binding assay was performed at 4°C, and INa was measured at room temperature as described. To deduce the whole cell Po (wcPo), we have used a macroscopic approach, as described (Firsov et al., 1997) in which the starting point is the equation, derived from Ohm's law:
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). (c) (E - ENa) is assessed by the measurement of membrane potential and the reversal potential for sodium. For practical purposes, E - ENa can be set constant by clamping the membrane at -100 mV or higher, allowing the measurement of changes in Po in function of the various experimental conditions. (d) N is the total number of channel molecules (active and inactive) expressed at the cell surface. The binding assay permits to quantitate the total number of channel molecules at the cell surface, independently of their function. Having determined with good accuracy INa, gNa, E - ENa, and N, one can deduce a whole-cell Po (wcPo) that reflects the activity of all channels expressed in an intact whole cell. The main advantage of this macroscopic approach is that it takes into account all channels expressed at the cell surface, whatever their activity. Our method is therefore distinct from a microscopic approach that is the classical measurement of Po in membrane patches (mpPo). This is performed by determining the overall N · Po of all the active channels and the number of the channels N present in the patch membrane.
Statistical Analysis
All results are reported as means ± SEM. Comparing independent sets of data, unpaired t tests were used to determine significance. For the measurement of N and INa, a minimum of 3–6 batches of oocytes, 5–10 oocytes per batch, each batch from different animals, were used for each experimental condition. Experiment 1, "ENaC + H2O" vs. "ENaC + mCAP1" vs. "ENaC + Sgk1" vs. "ENaC + mCAP1 + Sgk1"; experiment 2, "ENaC + H2O" vs. "ENaC + mCAP2" vs. "ENaC + Sgk1" vs. "ENaC + mCAP2 + Sgk1"; experiment 3, "ENaC + H2O" vs. "ENaC + mCAP3" vs. "ENaC + Sgk1" vs. "ENaC + mCAP3 + Sgk1."
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). The extracellular domain has two potential N-glycosylation sites (N128 and N176) that are used when mCAP2 is expressed in the Xenopus oocyte system (unpublished data). The catalytic domain is preceded by a low density lipoprotein receptor class A domain (LDLR, F60-V91) and a group A scavenger receptor domain (SRCR, V102-G142) (Fig. 1 A). The serine protease domain shares homology with mouse trypsinogen precursor (49%), xCAP1 (45%), mCAP1 (43%), and 80% with a human orthologue hTMPRSS4 (Wallrapp et al., 2000) (Fig. 1 B).
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) and EST database analysis, we identified a serine protease we termed mCAP3. mCAP3 is identical to the recently cloned mouse epithin (Kim et al., 1999). At the time we started this project, epithin cDNA sequence had not been published. To underline the functional relevance of this serine protease, we name the third serine protease throughout our paper mouse channel–activating protein three (mCAP3). Analysis of the primary sequence revealed the presence of a transmembrane domain with predicted type II orientation (Fig. 1 A). COOH terminus contained the serine protease domain with the catalytic triad (H656, D711, and S805) and a potential activation cleavage site at R605V606. The catalytic domain was preceded by two complement factor IR-urchin embryonic growth factor-bone orphogenetic proteins (CUBs) (C214-F331 and C340-Y444) and four LDLR (C453-R487, C488-S524, C525-N563 and C567-L603) domains (Fig. 1 A) (Kim et al., 1999). mCAP3 shares 47% homology with the mouse trysinogen, 49% with xCAP1, 40% with mCAP2 and 83% with the human orthologue hMT-SP1 (Takeuchi et al., 1999) (or Matriptase; Lin et al., 1999) (Fig. 1 B).
Primary sequence comparison of the catalytic domain of mCAP1, mCAP2, mCAP3, and trypsin revealed the presence of an aspartate (mCAP1, D232; mCAP2, D379; mCAP3, D799) at the S1 site (Schechter and Berger, 1967) and 2 glycines at the entry of the S1 pocket (mCAP1, G259 and G269; mCAP2, G405 and G415; and mCAP3, G827 and G837) which direct the specificity of serine proteases (Perona and Craik, 1995, 1997) (Fig. 1 C). This suggests that all three serine proteases are specific for the positively charged P1 amino acids. The presence of a proline residue (mCAP1, P268; mCAP2, P414; and mCAP3, P836) instead of a tyrosine residue at the Na+-induced allosteric regulation of catalytic activity site in serine proteases suggests that the catalytic activity of three serine proteases is not sensitive to extracellular Na+ concentration variations (Dang and Di Cera, 1996) (Fig. 1 C).
Northern blot analysis showed that mCAP1, mCAP2, mCAP3, and ENaC subunit are expressed, as expected, in mpkCCDc14 cell line. Whereas mCAP3 expression was expressed in the cell line and the kidney at a level similar to that of mCAP1, mCAP2 expression was low and not detectable in the whole kidney (Fig. 2)
. The three membrane-bound proteases and the ENaC subunit were also expressed in epithelia known to express an amiloride-sensitive sodium transport (lung and colon). A similar pattern of expression was also found in small intestine and stomach. In these tissues, the role of ENaC and/or CAPs remains to be established.
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Functional Interaction between CAPs and Sgk1 in the Xenopus Oocyte System
To test whether mouse CAPs and Sgk1 interact functionally, oocytes injected with rENaC FLAG-tagged subunits (rENaCf) were coexpressed either individually or with each protease (mCAP), or with Sgk1 or both together. If the two activation pathways are fully independent of each other but have a final common effector (ENaC), a true potentiation should be observed, i.e., any synergistic effect should be more than additive. In Table I
(mCAP1-Skg1), Table II (mCAP2-Sgk1), Table III
(mCAP3 + Sgk1), the data are presented in absolute values, allowing to quantify the synergism observed.
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mCAP2 and Sgk1
When rENaCf was coexpressed with mCAP2 (Table II), N did not change (P = 0.6) (column a), whereas INa (column b) increased 8.4-fold (P < 0.001) compared with rENaCf expressed alone. When rENaCf was coexpressed with Sgk1, we observed a 1.6-fold increase in N (P < 0.01) and a 2.4-fold increase in INa (P < 0.001). When Sgk1 and CAP2 were coexpressed, INa increased 7.6-fold (P < 0.001) and N by 1.4-fold (P < 0.06) when compared with oocytes injected with Sgk1 alone. If the effect of the two pathways was just additive, their combined effect would not exceed the sum of the two cRNA given alone. For INa it should not exceed 5.4 µA/oocyte, but we do observe 9.1 µA/oocyte. Thus, the data indicate a strong and highly significant (P < 0.001) potentiation between mCAP2 and Sgk1 for the INa effect, whereas the synergism for the N effect did not reach the level of significance (P < 0.06) and was less than additive. To verify that mCAP2 was expressed maximally, we tested the effect of external trypsin. As shown in Table II, trypsin (column d) was able to increase baseline INa only in ENaC or ENaC + Sgk1–injected oocytes. By contrast, trypsin did not elicit any further increase in INa when mCAP2 was expressed. These data indicate that mCAP2 has already fully activated ENaC expressed at the surface of the oocyte. As shown in Table II (column d), mCAP2 increased INa/N by ninefold (P < 0.001), Sgk1 alone had a small effect (2.4-fold; P < 0.05), and mCAP2 and Sgk1 led to a 10-fold increase in INa/N (P < 0.001), not significantly different from the stimulation observed with mCAP2 alone (P < 0.76). Upon activation by trypsin (column e), INa/N increased 7.3-fold in controls (P < 0.001) and 4.4-fold in Sgk1-injected oocytes (P < 0.001). No further significant increase in INa/N was observed in mCAP2 or mCAP2 + Sgk1–coinjected oocytes.
mCAP3 and Sgk1
When rENaCf was coexpressed with mCAP3 (Table III), N did not change (P < 0.7) (column a), whereas INa (column b) increased 6.8-fold (P < 0.001) compared with rENaCf expressed alone. When rENaCf was coexpressed with Sgk1, we observed a 1.8-fold increase in N (P < 0.001) and a 3.6-fold increase in INa (P < 0.001). When Sgk1 and mCAP3 were coexpressed, INa increased 7.3-fold (P < 0.001) and N by only 0.14-fold (P = 0.4) compared with oocytes injected with Sgk1 alone. If the effect of the two pathways was just additive, their combined effect would not exceed the sum of the two cRNAs given alone. For INa, it should not exceed 5.2 µA/oocyte, but we do observe 13.2 µA/oocyte. Thus, the data indicate a strong and highly significant (P < 0.001) potentiation between mCAP3 and Sgk1 for the INa effect, whereas the synergism for the N effect was significant but small and less than additive. To verify that mCAP3 was expressed maximally, we tested the effect of external trypsin. As shown in Table III, trypsin (column d) was able to increase baseline INa only in ENaC or ENaC + Sgk1–injected oocytes. By contrast, trypsin did not elicit any further increase in INa when mCAP3 was expressed alone or with Sgk1. These data indicate mCAP3 has already fully activated ENaC expressed at the surface of the oocyte. As shown in Table III, mCAP3 increased INa/N by 9.4-fold (P < 0.001), Sgk1 alone had a small effect (twofold (P < 0.01), and mCAP3 and Sgk1 led to 7.6-fold increase in INa/N (P < 0.001), not significantly different from stimulation observed with CAP3 alone (P < 0.14). Upon activation by trypsin (column e), INa/N increased 6.7-fold in controls (P < 0.001) and 5.3-fold in Sgk1-injected oocytes (P < 0.001). No further significant increase in INa/N was observed in mCAP3 or mCAP3 + Sgk1–coinjected oocytes.
In summary, qualitatively, the effects of mCAP1, mCAP2, or mCAP3 are remarkably similar. Since baseline INa varies by a factor of two from experiment to experiment (see column b, ENaC-injected oocytes of each table), comparisons between CAPs are also shown in Fig. 4 and summarized as relative changes normalized to ENaC and/or water-injected oocytes. It is evident that, when corrected for the different baseline values, the effects of each CAP are also quantitatively very similar.
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). A few members of membrane-bound serine proteases have been so far biochemically characterized or their cell surface localization has been demonstrated (Hooper et al., 2001). Based on a conserved disulfide bond linking the pro- and the catalytic domains, one can predict that TTSPs are active in their membrane-bound form. Interestingly, some TTSPs have a high degree of autocatalytic activity and the targeting of the TTSPs to the apical membrane of an epithelial cell involves its proteolytic domain (Zheng et al., 1999; Hooper et al., 2001). Recently, a recombinant Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor, which is similar to aprotinin, was tested in human bronchial epithelial cells and shown to efficiently block ENaC-mediated Na+ transport in the lung (Bridges et al., 2001). Homology screening of a human airway epithelial cDNA library identified human prostasin (the orthologue of mCAP1) and TMPRSS2, a homologue of mCAP2 or the human TMPRSS4 (Donaldson et al., 2002). These authors demonstrated that prostasin increased ENaC activity, whereas TMPRSS2 had a strong antagonist effect in the Xenopus oocyte system. In our screen, we were not able to identify epitheliasin, the mouse homologue of TMPRSS2, in the mpkCCDc14 cell line. In our study, mCAP2 clearly has an agonist effect on ENaC activation, which is very similar to that of mCAP1 or prostasin. It is not clear, at present time, what the structural difference is between the two proteases that might explain this striking functional difference. Our present working hypothesis is that mCAP1–3 are coexpressed at the apical membrane of, for example, kidney cells, and exert their effect either together on channel activation or by a catalytic cascade similar to the serine protease cascade of the blood clotting system. For xCAP1, we have reported recently the importance of the GPI anchor for the activation of ENaC at the plasma membrane (Vallet et al., 2002), but the role of the transmembrane domains of mCAP2 or mCAP3 in ENaC activation has not yet been studied. How and in which sequence each of the serine proteases may activate ENaC is not known.
Control of Cell Surface Expression of ENaC and its Open Probability by Two Distinct and Synergistic-signaling Pathways Extends the Dynamic Range of Channel Regulation
The Xenopus oocyte expression system allows to quantify cell surface expression of epithelial sodium channels and to determine the channel open probability in a whole cell (wcPo) (Firsov et al., 1996, 1997) (see MATERIALS AND METHODS). According to the single channel measurement after trypsin activation reported by Chraibi et al. (1998), one can make the assumption that gNa remains unchanged under our experimental conditions. Under a voltage clamp set constant at -100 mV, one can now get a fairly good estimate of the wcPo and how it is affected by our experimental maneuvers. Under low sodium incubation, we reported a INa/N of 4.82 mA/fmole (Firsov et al., 1996). We can calculate a wcPo of around 0.018, assuming a heterotetrameric channel (Firsov et al., 1998). In the present study, we injected three times less ENaC cRNA, leading to a lower cell surface expression of ENaC (N varies from 0.06–0.08 fmole/oocyte [present study] vs. 0.5 fmole/oocyte [Firsov et al., 1998]) but with a relatively high current (INa, 0.5–1 µA/oocyte with a INa/N varying between 9 and 14 µA/fmole (See Table I–III). From these data, one can calculate a wcPo of 0.05. For ENaC, the estimation of Po in membrane patches (mpPo) has been reported to be extremely variable (Palmer and Frindt, 1988; Palmer and Frindt, 1996). In native membranes from salt-repleted rat, no channel activity was detectable. It is likely that this observation is due to the lack of sensitivity of the patch method to detect channels with very low Po or very few channels with higher Po. In native membrane from salt-depleted animals with high plasma aldosterone levels, mpPo ranged from 0.05 to 0.9 with an average value of 0.5 (Pacha et al., 1993). Due to the wide distribution of spontaneous Po and the slow transitions between open and closed states, the quantitation of the number of active channels in the membrane patch is difficult, leading to overestimation of Po. This overestimation could be experimentally documented by direct comparisons of the two methods for a mutant channel of the ß subunit (G37S) leading to a 50% decrease in Po (Firsov et al., 1997). The alternative wcPo method used in the present study is therefore a useful quantitative approach to assess the effect of CAP or Sgk1 on Po in an intact cell.
mCAP1, mCAP2, and mCAP3 Increase wcPo without Changing N
Upon CAP stimulation, it is evident that the wcPo of ENaC can reach very high values (up to 0.65 for mCAP1), which cannot be further increased by external trypsin. None of the three CAPs tested changed the cell surface expression of ENaC. It would appear that this signaling pathway is unique in controlling the gating of the channel from an external site, which is trypsin sensitive (Chraibi et al., 1998). The molecular mechanisms remain elusive. It has been suggested that the subunit was a substrate for CAP (Masilamani et al., 1999) but, so far, no biochemical experimental evidence has supported this hypothesis. A second important issue is to know whether CAPs are regulated by hormones or other factors. In our experimental systems, we have not been able to demonstrate any effect of aldosterone on the mRNA abundance of either of the three CAPs expressed in mpkCCD cells (unpublished data). It is, however, interesting to note a recent article reporting that aldosterone increased in vitro the expression of mCAP1/prostasin mRNA and protein in a kidney cell line (M1) and in vivo in adrenalectomized rats (Narikiyo et al., 2002).
Dual Effect of Sgk1 on N and wcPo
Our data clearly indicate that Sgk1 increases N significantly in three large and independent series of experiments (Table I–III and Fig. 4), confirming previous reports showing an over twofold increased expression of ß-FLAG ENaC measured by 125I-protein G binding to the anti-FLAG monoclonal antibody (Alvarez de La Rosa et al., 1999), with no evidence of an effect on Po measured in membrane patches. More recently, it has been shown that Sgk1 induced a proportional increase in INa and in N (about threefold) in the Xenopus oocyte system, suggesting that the effect is entirely mediated by a change in ENaC cell-surface expression (Loffing et al., 2001) that may occur in vivo only in a restricted part of the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron (proximal ASDN). Our data differ somewhat from these two studies in the sense that we do observe a small but highly significant and highly reproducible effect of Sgk1 on INa/N (1.52, P < 0.001, Table I; 2.4, P < 0.001 Table II; and 2.0, P < 0.001) that is consistently higher than that observed on N (Table III), suggesting that Sgk1 has an additional effect on wcPo. The reasons for that difference are not clear, but our experimental protocol differs significantly from those of the two previous studies in the sense that we have measured INa and N in the same individual oocyte, allowing a better quantitation of any effect on N and/or Po. On the other hand, values of mpPo reported in one study were 0.83 for ENaC-injected oocytes and 0.87 for ENaC + Sgk1–injected oocytes (Alvarez de La Rosa et al., 1999). As discussed above, such high baseline values may not reflect the physiological regulation of ENaC in a kidney cell and the technique may underestimate the number of silent or weakly active channels in the membrane. Interestingly, we reported previously that the Liddle mutation has also a dual effect on N and Po (Firsov et al., 1996), very similar to the effect of Sgk1 reported here. Since Sgk1 is proposed to mediate its effects on ENaC through the phosphorylation of Nedd4–2 (Debonneville et al., 2001), which binds to the PPXY motif of ENaC, which is precisely the consensus for the Liddle mutation, it would make sense that the Sgk1-Nedd4-2-ENaC–signaling cascade involves a dual mechanism of ENaC activation.
CAP and Sgk1: Synergism of Potentiation
This paper demonstrates a synergism between the two signaling pathways in the oocyte expression system (Figs. 4 and 5)
. mCAP1, mCAP2, or mCAP3 have no effect on cell surface expression of ENaC, but increase wcPo by 7–10-fold. On the other hand, Sgk1 increases the number of channels expressed at the cell surface by twofold, without changing wcPo. When the two signaling pathways are activated together, a 20–30-fold increase is observed. The synergism is therefore more than additive and is a true potentiation. The possible mechanisms for this synergism has not yet been studied. It will be interesting to examine whether mCAPs can bind directly to ENaC by protein–protein interaction through their extracellular (mCAP1, mCAP2, or mCAP3) and/or through their cytoplasmic domains (mCAP2 or mCAP3). Another possible mechanism would imply a protein–protein interaction between Sgk1 and the intracellular COOH termini of mCAP2 or mCAP3 as a potential target for phosphorylation. It remains to demonstrate that the synergism we describe here operates in vivo in the principal cell of CCD in response to aldosterone. Gene inactivation of Sgk1 (Wulff et al., 2001) and mCAP1 (Rubera et al., 2002), mCAP2, and mCAP3 will help to dissect the respective role of the two signaling pathways. Despite large variations in salt intake, the kidney is able to maintain sodium balance and the extracellular volume within narrow margins, an important factor in the control of blood pressure. The ASDN plays a key role in adjusting sodium reabsorption to diet intake that may vary from 1 g NaCl/d to 40 g/d. The fine control of ENaC through the control of its cell surface expression and its open probability by aldosterone acting, on one hand, on an intracellular signaling cascade and, on the other hand, on a serine protease that controls gating from the extracellular compartment, should provide the large range required for rapid and long term regulation of sodium transport in ASDN.
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* Abbreviations used in this paper: ASDN, aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron; ENaC, epithelial sodium channel; mCAP, mouse channel–activating protease; TTSP, type 2 transmembrane serine protease.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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This work was supported by grants from the Swiss National Foundation (#31-063801.00 to E. Hummler and #31-061966.00 to B. Rossier).
Submitted: 25 March 2002
Revised: 11 June 2002
Accepted: 13 June 2002
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12 measured oocytes. (B) Effect of preincubation with aprotinin (lanes 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 15, 16) or perfusion of trypsin (gray bars, lanes 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16) on oocytes injected with either rENaC and water (lane 1–4) or rENaC together with 4 ng mCAP1 (lane 5–8), 8 ng mCAP2 (lane 9–12), and 2 ng mCAP3 (lane 13–16). n 
